Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A
comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
Innovación en el periodismo desde perles no periodísticos. Estudio
comparado de cinco media labs iberoamericanos
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 431
July-December of 2023
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
González Alba, J. A.; Caro González, F. J.; Rojas Torrijos, J. L. and Pérez Curiel, C. (2023).Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic
proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs.
Doxa Comunicación
, 37, pp. 431-452.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n37a1839
José Antonio González Alba
. Researcher and member of the Communication & Social Science research group (
SEJ-619
)
at the University of Seville. He is also working toward a PhD in Communication, and is the author of several articles in high
impact journals and specialised publications. His main lines of research focus on digital transformation, innovation and
entrepreneurship in the journalistic sector. As an expert in Business and Institutional Communication Management from the
University of Seville, he also holds a Master’s Degree in Management and Innovation in Communication from the University
of Cadiz, and a Master’s in Journalistic Innovation from Miguel Hernández University of Elche. Moreover, he is currently the
Spanish ambassador for
Sembramedia
, which is the entrepreneurial platform for digital media in Ibero-America.
University of Sevilla, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-9038-5420
Francisco Javier Caro González
. PhD in Business Administration. Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business
Administration and Marketing. Director of the research group known as Communication & Social Science (
SEJ-619
).
He has also held the post of principal investigator on the R&D project entitled,
La Satisfacción de las Necesidades
Informativas de las Mujeres. Análisis de la Empresa Periodística bajo la Perspectiva de Género
[Meeting Women’s
Information Needs: An Analysis of Journalistic Companies from the Gender Perspective] (
INVM PR041-07
) (2007-
2010). Moreover, Professor Caro González also serves as PI on another project entitled,
La Información Periodística y el
Bienestar: Análisis de la Función social de la Empresa Periodística Andaluza
[Journalistic Information and Well-Being:
an Analysis of the Social Function of Andalusian Journalistic Companies] (
I+D+i FEDER
Andalucía
2014-2020). His
main lines of research include journalistic companies, organisational change, gender studies, and entrepreneurship.
University of Sevilla, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-7261-9377
José Luis Rojas Torrijos
. PhD in Journalism. Senior Lecturer in the Department of Journalism II. Member of the research
group entitled Communication & Social Science (
SEJ-619
). His main lines of research include stylebooks, ethics, innova
-
tion in journalism, new digital narratives, and sports journalism. His articles have appeared in renowned journals such
as
Journalism Studies
,
Media & Communication
,
Communication & Society
, and
El Profesional de la Información
. He has
also authored and co-authored books and book chapters for Routledge, Peter Lang, and Wiley. He serves as a researcher
on the R&D project entitled
, Instrumentos de Rendición de Cuentas ante la Desinformación: Impacto de las Plataformas de
Fact-checking como Herramientas de Accountability y Propuesta Curricular
[Instruments of Accountability for Confronting
Disinformation: the Impact of Fact-checking Platforms as Tools of Accountability and for Curriculum Proposal] (
FACCTMe-
dia
), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019- 106367GB-I00 /AEI/10.13039/501100011033).
University of Sevilla, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-7390-9843
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
432 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
1. Introduction: general approach and purpose of the research
Nowadays, we are witnessing a complex journalistic scenario, the development of which has been shaped by the disruptive
impact of digital technology in recent years (Pavlik, 2021). is has given users new options for consuming information,
especially through social networks and mobile devices (Costera-Meijer and Groot, 2014). It has also given them access to the
Abstract:
One of the solutions that many journalistic media have embraced in
order to adapt more eectively to the digital disruption is the creation
of innovation labs. e aim of this paper is to gain knowledge regarding
the organisation and structure of such labs among Spanish-language
media, as well as the impact on innovation by the new, non-journalistic
professionals who have joined their newsrooms. is research involves
a multi-case study that compares the laboratories of ve journalistic
organisations:
RTVE
and
El País
(Spain),
El Colombiano
(Colombia),
La
Diaria
(Uruguay), and
Ojo Público
(Peru). By analysing their innovation
projects, and through interviews with their managers, the results
indicate two dierent types of laboratories: those designed to renew
the narrative formats of traditional media; and those that originate in
the new media. Both engage in innovation at all levels of the company
and interact with the target audience to generate new projects, which
are sometimes unrelated to journalistic work. e majority of the
professionals in these labs have a non-journalistic prole, which
enhances the technological and visual potential of the new narratives,
making the most of the data generated on digital platforms, and
accurately aligning new products with the needs of the market.
Keywords:
Innovation; journalism; media labs; professional proles; Ibero-
America.
Resumen:
Una de las soluciones que muchos medios periodísticos adoptaron para
adaptarse mejor a la disrupción digital fue la creación de laboratorios
de innovación. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la organización
y la estructura de los labs en medios en lengua española, así como la
importancia adquirida en los procesos de innovación por nuevos
perles profesionales no periodísticos que se han incorporado a sus
redacciones. Se desarrolla un estudio de caso múltiple que compara
labs de cinco organizaciones periodísticas: RTVE y El País (España), El
Colombiano (Colombia), La Diaria (Uruguay) y Ojo Público (Perú). A
través del análisis de sus innovaciones y de entrevistas a sus responsables,
los resultados evidencian la existencia de dos tipos de laboratorios: los
concebidos para renovar los formatos narrativos de medios tradicionales
y los que nacen en medios jóvenes, que innovan en cualquier punto de
la empresa e interactúan con públicos objetivos para generar nuevos
proyectos, a veces independientes de la labor periodística. En estos labs
son mayoritarios los perles no periodísticos, que aportan el potencial
tecnológico-visual de las nuevas narrativas, extraen el máximo partido
a los datos generados en las plataformas digitales y orientan con más
precisión los nuevos productos a las necesidades del mercado.
Palabras clave:
Innovación; periodismo; media labs; perles profesionales;
Iberoamérica.
Received: 30/10/2022 - Accepted: 09/02/2023 - Early access: 23/03/2023 - Published: 01/07/2023
Recibido: 30/10/2022 - Aceptado: 09/02/2023 - En edición: 23/03/2023 - Publicado: 01/07/2023
Concha Pérez Curiel
. PhD in Journalism. Senior Lecturer in the Department of Journalism II, and Director of the Master’s
Degree in Institutional and Political Communication at the University of Seville. She also belongs to the research group
known as Communication & Social Science (
SEJ-619
). Her main lines of research address political communication,
political journalism, the digital agenda, and communication related to fashion. Not only has she published articles in
high impact journals, but she has written books and book chapters of international prestige as well. Professor Pérez
Curiel also serves as a researcher on the R&D project entitled,
El Rol de la Ciudadanía en la Comunicación Política
[e Role of Citizens in Political Communication] (PID2020-119492GB-I00), as well as the project known as
Mapa
de la Desinformación en las Comunidades Autónomas y Entidades Locales de España y su Ecosistema Digital
[A
Comprehensive Outline of Disinformation in the Autonomous Regions and Local Institutions of Spain and their Digital
Ecosystem] (PID2021-124293OB-I00), funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain
University of Sevilla, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-1888-0451
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 433
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
content of creators who operate outside journalistic media, who have found a platform from which they can build important
communities with similar interests (Cerezo, 2022), thereby beneting from a signicant segment of the population.
e emergence of these actors, who come from the fringes of journalism (Eldridge, 2018; Holton and Belair-Gagnon, 2018;
Schapals, 2022), has further blurred the boundary of operations that have traditionally delimited professional practice (Carlsson
and Lewis, 2015). However, most importantly of all, it has generated further fragmentation and dispersion of audiences among
a growing number of digital platforms (Fletcher and Klaus-Nielsen, 2017).
In turn, this situation has compelled the news media to compete with other players for the attention of these audiences
(García-Ramírez, 2021).
Although the incursion of these new creators initially forced journalism to try to disassociate itself these entrants and defend
its professional jurisdiction (Deuze, 2005; Lewis, 2012), the dynamics of content production and distribution in digital
environments, which are more social and participatory, have led the media to adopt practices that are further away from
journalistic norms, and to search for hybrid news strategies, audience participation, and the acceptance of and collaboration
with these new external actors (Chua and Duy, 2019; García-Orosa, López-García and Vázquez-Herrero, 2020).
In this context of transformation, journalistic media have had to rethink their editorial strategies in order to dierentiate
themselves (Wang, 2020), in the face of other content creators, and also regarding the technological platforms involved, with
which they must coexist (Jenkins, 2004). As observed in recent years, the legacy media and digital natives who have had the
most success in adapting to the digital disruption are those who have broadened the spaces and processes for the expansion of
innovation within their organisations, as theorised by Rogers (2003). is fosters a culture of innovative learning (Porcu, 2017),
which encourages the transfer of knowledge between areas and members of a newsroom, and at the same time reinforces the
media’s ability to adapt and survive the changes in the information market (Küng, 2015).
erefore, innovation should not be viewed as a concept determined only by the impact of technology (De Lima and Mesquita,
2021), but rather in a broad and transversal sense that must incorporate dierent aspects related not only to products and
services, but also to processes, work organisation, and even the impact of these factors on the audience and society as a whole
(García-Avilés, 2021).
Within news organisations, in many cases the response to change resulting from digital disruption has been to set up innovation
laboratories. ese departments, or work units, have played a key role in recent years in driving innovation within journalistic
organisations, combining technical and creative skills in order to develop solutions related to narratives, products, and the
journalistic business (Salaverría, 2015; Valero-Pastor 2020; Bisso-Nunes and Mills, 2021). Due to their cross-disciplinary
nature, these laboratories have been incorporating professionals not only from journalism, but from entrepreneurial and
creative vocations as well.
As such, this article addresses the study of professional proles, structure, organisation, and innovation introduced by labs
belonging to media or journalistic groups in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries in America. us, by extending
the study’s focus to the Ibero-American realm, not only does it address a situation that has only been slightly explored (the
research published to date on this issue has focused mainly on Europe and North America), but it also allows the development
of a comparative study between media from dierent parts of the world and journalistic cultures that share the same language.
434 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
2. State of the issue
2.1. Media labs as the driving force behind journalistic innovation
e process of transformation and adaptation that journalistic media have been undergoing in order to operate in the new
digital context has given rise to the creation of journalistic laboratories, or media labs. eir main task is to create and develop
innovative editorial and technological products and services that oer solutions to identied needs (García-Avilés, 2021), as
well as to promote an innovative culture within newsrooms (Sádaba and Salaverría, 2016), and enhance the competitiveness
of these journalistic media by associating their brand image with the production of innovative narratives as a dierentiating
factor (Zaragoza-Fuster and García-Avilés, 2018).
Media labs are a phenomenon that is expanding worldwide. In a study developed for WAN-IFRA, researchers Bisso-Nunes
and Mills (2019) have identied up to 123 such ventures in the world, although only 31%, or 39 of them, are labs created by
journalistic media. In addition to these specic units within media companies, there are also journalistic innovation projects
launched by universities (46%, a total of 57), which are linked to research, experimentation, and training, as well as other
independent initiatives launched by business accelerators or company consortiums. Most media labs are located in European
and North American countries, according to the same study. Moreover, their introduction has been fast and recent, as 67%
were launched between 2011 and 2018. ey are usually comprised of interdisciplinary teams, and none of them reach a total
of fteen people in size.
According to this same research, some media labs have been purely experimental projects, or have had to close their doors
after operating a few years, examples of which include BuzzFeed Open Lab from 2015 to 2017, and e Guardian’s Mobile
Innovation Lab from 2015 to 2018. In spite of this, most of the innovation units created in journalistic media are still operational.
us, after the experiences of media that were pioneers in the eld, such as the
BBC
,
Agence France Presse
,
e Wall Street
Journal
and
Al Jazeera
, these initiatives have evolved to the point of becoming established in other parts of the world as well.
e structure and functioning of media labs varies widely. In most of these departments, innovation linked to the media’s news
work is carried out. In other words, such innovation is focused on processes aimed at increasing media audiences. us, these
novel approaches are linked to emerging platforms and new narratives (López-Hidalgo and Ufarte, 2016).
However, media labs also promote innovation in its most transversal sense (Bleyen et al., 2014), combining technical and
creative skills to develop solutions beyond narrative innovation. Such solutions include reorganising work processes, the use
of new technology to improve the distribution and consumption of content, and even commercial and marketing activity as
part of their business strategy (Mills and Wagemans, 2021).
Likewise, these innovative units within journalism have evolved in recent years to forge a new generation of media labs (Hogh-
Janovsky and Meier, 2021) which, by building upon the groundwork laid by pioneering laboratories, have created specic
structures and teams designed to foster an innovative culture within their respective newsrooms and expand it to the industry,
and consequently, to society as a whole. Not surprisingly, media innovation “has a positive external eect, due to the nature of
journalistic products as a public commodity” (Meier et al., 2022, p. 701).
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 435
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
Two common characteristics of these R&D&I units stand out above the rest in journalistic media (Salaverría, 2015; Satizábal,
2022): the rst is the degree of autonomy and freedom they have within each newsroom as spaces that work with their own
objectives and at their own pace, yet without losing sight of the overall goals of the medium; the second feature is their
multidisciplinary nature due to the backgrounds of the people who comprise the units.
e rst involves organising processes aimed at transforming creative ideas into innovation in a more or less hybrid way (Virta
and Malmelin, 2017), or in other words, by linking the most routine productive needs with the search for opportunities to
promote new products and services (O’Reilly III and Tushman, 2013; Jenkins and Kleis-Nielsen, 2020), despite the tensions
or imbalances that may arise between people or departments within the newsrooms (Küng, 2007; Andriopoulos and Lewis,
2009). Meanwhile, the second characteristic entails the need to work with a variety of professional proles, which are not
always easy to nd in the media. For this reason, universities play a key role in training such proles (Rojas-Torrijos and Pérez-
Curiel, 2020, p. 82).
As asserted by González-Alba (2017, p. 51), the implementation of innovation laboratories is “changing the prole of
professional skills required in today’s newsrooms”.
is recruitment and retention of talent is undoubtedly the main dierentiating feature of the news media that have innovation
laboratories or departments in their newsrooms.
2.2. New professional proles in newsrooms: interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary
e media innovation scenario is full of risks and challenges that have been consolidated in the post-pandemic era. Having
dened the dierences and hybridisations between digital and analogue media (Chadwick, 2017), a new journalistic
ecosystem is emerging, dened by the use of high technology and the required teamwork among dierent professional
proles. Nowadays, all journalism is digital (Salaverría and Martínez-Costa, 2021), and both journalism and journalists are
moving toward computerisation and digitisation out of pure necessity.
In recent years, the convergence of technology and professional practice has led to the emergence of journalistic specialists
and trends that use state-of-the-art tools (López-García et al., 2017), such as multi-media and data journalism, which has since
been joined by immersive, automated/robotic, and drone journalism, as well as other innovative specialisations resulting from
new technology. Articial Intelligence (AI) is already considered an essential resource in newsrooms, even having replaced
some of the journalist’s tasks. It is therefore dicult to describe the prole of the future journalist, as it is still being developed
(Toural-Bran and Vizoso, 2021).
e inner workings of the so-called computational journalism, characterised as transdisciplinary and multidimensional, went
through previous stages in which there was a certain rejection, or even fear of innovation by the media. Later, there were
phases of development and adaptation to new formats and digital narratives, as well as moments of disruption, which have led
to the transformation of newsrooms through the intensive use of technology (Vállez and Codina, 2018). e decisive moment
of change was been the media’s struggle against poorly developed and insuciently veried information circulating on social
networks, and its shift toward innovative journalism that is compatible with quality.
436 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
In this context, which seems to describe the dynamics of digital journalism, and which also undermines the conservatism of
some media, the trend is toward increasing collaboration among professionals, enabling access to authoritative knowledge,
making workows more exible, and allowing interdepartmental cooperation (Valero-Pastor, Carvajal-Prieto and García-
Avilés, 2019). is will consolidate the so-called open source culture (Lewis and Usher, 2013), which will encourage collaborative
work among journalists and technical professionals in developing innovative projects.
In addition to asking ourselves how the integration of digital tools is carried out, and how the process of adapting new
communicative and algorithmic models is developed, it is necessary to analyse why newsrooms are interested in taking this
step toward innovation, and how this will spread among its dierent areas and members. In this sense, Belair-Gagnon and
Steinke (2020, p. 7) see innovation as “a means through which organisations can improve their work methods, foster compelling
interaction with their audiences, organise and align talent and assets, create complementary products and services, and
connect with others to create value”.
In short, the new journalism needs to regain a connected audience (Casero-Ripollés, 2020), which uses the language of blogs,
podcasts and newsletters. In fact, the last decade has witnessed the dissemination of many journalistic pieces based on the
techniques of data journalism, visual information, virtual reality, journalistic immersion, mixed reality (augmented and
virtual), and the application of strategies for creating transmedia stories.
e initial solution is to rely on “exible journalists” who are open to experimenting with multidisciplinary teams and
collaborating with technical professionals (Palomo and Palau-Sampio, 2016), verication agencies (Graves, Nyhan and Reier,
2016), web analytics (Lamot and Pau- lussen, 2020), and data journalists (Appelgren and Nygren, 2014; De-Maeyer et al.,
2015; Zhang and Feng, 2019). However, organising this transversal and multidisciplinary coordination in newsrooms requires
a prior agreement with universities, an urgent revision of current curricula, and an institutional commitment to support the
specialisation of journalism students into professional proles that are in line with the digital transformation in which media
companies are immersed (López-García, 2021).
Some of the duties that journalists today must assume, which are no longer futuristic, include the following: participation
in the creative, multidimensional and innovative work of journalistic teams (Koivula, Villi and Sivunen, 2020); coping with a
journalistic context that is algorithmic (Linden, 2017), robotic, and automated (Carlson, 2015); specialisation in processing
huge amounts of data (Gynnild, 2014); and designing
chatbot
techniques, or conversation interfaces, based on articial
intelligence (Belair-Gagnon, Lewis and Agur, 2020).
In the current post-pandemic era, the transformation and reinvention of journalistic media is accelerating. Having been
forced to confront the setbacks caused by Covid-19, the media have taken advantage of the impact of the pandemic to
decisively promote a series of innovative processes that were already underway, which have signicantly aected production,
distribution, work organisation, marketing, and relationships with users (García-Avilés et al., 2022).
At the same time, they are losing their role as agents in shaping the public agenda, as well as being the leading players of
democracy (Mancini, 2019). erefore, one of their fundamental objectives is to adapt their routines to new sources of
information and social movements, but especially to audiences. Without ignoring their inuence as an inverted agenda, the
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 437
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
most immediate challenge for the media is to integrate audiences as key players, making them part of the process of innovation
and digitisation that will result in journalistic quality.
is study aims to understand how innovation is forged within Spanish-speaking journalistic media laboratories, based on the
study of organisational processes and the professional proles required. It also aims to evaluate the relationship between the
innovations introduced and the existence of non-journalistic proles within these work units in newsrooms.
To this end, the following research objectives are proposed:
–
O1. To gain knowledge regarding the organisation and structure of the main journalistic media labs in Spain and Latin
American countries.
–
O2. Identify the diversity of non-journalistic professionals who have appeared in recent years in these media labs and,
consequently, in other areas of creation and production within newsrooms.
–
O3. Understand how innovation is transferred from these labs to the newsroom as a whole.
–
O4. Analyse the contribution of the new, non-journalistic proles to journalistic innovation.
Furthermore, in order to achieve the foregoing objectives, this study has set forth the following research questions:
–
RQ1. What kind of innovation is developed by journalistic media through the use of media labs?
–
RQ2 How is the work organised within these media labs?
–
RQ3. What types of professionals have sustained these media labs, and the media where they have been employed, in
recent years?
–
RQ4. What innovative approaches and contributions to journalism have these non-journalistic proles made?
3. Methodology
Given the complexity and breadth of the phenomenon to be studied, the multiple case study method is generally considered
to be the most appropriate research strategy. Several authors (Miles and Huberman, 1994; Yin, 1998; Eisenhardt and Graebner,
2007) recommend the case study methodology when analysing a contemporary phenomenon in a real context with multiple,
interrelated variables. Moreover, this strategy is recommended and used to study the phenomenon of innovation in journalism
(Steensen, 2009; Valero-Pastor, Carvajal-Prieto and García-Avilés, 2021; Hogh-Janovsky and Meier, 2021; Tejedor and Vila,
2021).
In order to gain knowledge and segment the sample being analysed, the research carried out for WAN-IFRA by Bisso-Nunes
and Mills (2019), with regard to “media labs”, which was later updated in 2021, has been used as a frame of reference. ese
authors identied a total of 123 media labs in the news industry, civil society, and the university realm worldwide, most of
which are in North America and Europe. Of the 123 media labs used for this research, 31% (38 in number) are currently active.
Among Spanish-speaking media, six initiatives of this type have been mentioned: El Condencial Lab (
El Condencial
), RTVE
Lab (
RTVE
), and El País LAB (
El País
) in Spain; ECO Lab (
El Colombiano
) in Colombia; La Diaria Lab (
La Diaria
) in Uruguay;
and Ojo Lab (
Ojo Público
) in Peru.
438 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
In addition to these six, others appeared on the initial list that later stopped their operations, including the following: DN Lab
of
Diario de Navarra
, which closed in 2017; the Vocento Lab, which ceased operations at the end of 2019; and the Laboratorio
de Experimentación Periodística of the Argentinian digital media
Red/Acción
, which ceased operations in 2022, as conrmed
by its top manager, Chani Guyot.
e initial list of media was used for an exploratory study to verify whether all of these innovation units were still active.
As the studies were carried out in 2019 and 2021, all the information was updated by consulting their respective websites,
their proles on social networks, and emails sent to the dierent editorial oces. In this phase of revision and expansion,
other journalistic innovation units were identied, such as the media lab of the newspaper
La Nación
(Argentina), but as
this classication was actually oriented toward the development of branded content and other projects that were not purely
journalistic, their inclusion in the sample was ruled out.
Once the validity of these journalistic innovation units had been conrmed in the media comprising the sample, their
managers were contacted, who included the following people: Juan Manuel Cuéllar, head of the Audio-visual Innovation Lab
at
RTVE
; Sara Sáenz, Sustainability and Projects Manager at
Ojo Público
; Damián Osta, Product and Innovation Manager at
La Diaria
; Guiomar del Ser Robles, Editor-in-Chief of Editorial Products and LAB at the newspaper
El País
; Laura María Ayala,
leader of the Innovation Lab at
Grupo El Colombiano
(ECO Lab); and José Antonio Navas, head of subscriptions and product
at El Condencial Lab.
All of these leaders responded to our request, with the exception of the head of
El Condencial
. us, our sample consists of the
following:
RTVE
and
El Pa
ís (Spain),
El Colombiano
(Colombia),
La Diaria
(Uruguay) and
Ojo Público
(Peru).
Each lab was part of a multiple case study, and the information used for verication proceeded from the following: open
questionnaires; telephone conversations; social media monitoring; emails; consulting the labs’ websites (when available);
and interviews and articles published in professional and academic media about the innovation experiences of these units.
To prepare the questionnaire, the taxonomy of innovation we have used is the one proposed by the Oslo Manual (OECD/
Eurostat, 2005), which we summarise below. We have opted for this classication rather than the fourth edition (OECD/
Eurostat, 2018), as the former is more in line with current academic publications in the eld of journalism and is better
known by professionals in the sector. In any case, it is quite easy to assimilate both taxonomies if we consider the equivalence
established by the manual itself (OECD/Eurostat, 2018, 75).
In this way, the manual identies and denes the following typologies of innovation, which are applicable to any type of
company:
–
B
usiness innovation as a new or improved product or business process (or a combination of both), which diers
signicantly from previous products or business processes, and which has been introduced into the market or launched
by the company.
–
Product innovation is the introduction of a new or greatly improved product or service with regard to its characteristics
or intended use. is includes major improvements in technical specications, components and materials, software,
ergonomics, or other functional characteristics.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 439
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
–
Process innovation is the implementation of a new or considerably improved production or distribution method. is
includes major improvements in service delivery, production, purchasing, accounting, logistics, or information and
communication systems.
–
Marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method that entails major improvements in the design of
the product or its presentation, or in product placement (positioning), promotion, price, or after-sales service.
–
Organisational innovation is the implementation of a new organisational method applied to business practices, to the
workplace (allocation of responsibilities), or to the company’s external relationships.
Along the same lines, on the questionnaire we have included three items addressed by
PITEC
1
[Panel on Technological
Innovation], which are the following: the impact of innovation (question 3); protecting innovation (question 5); and
collaborative networks (question 6).
e questionnaire sent out addressed the following topics:
1.
Background information on the lab.
2.
Open-ended question regarding innovations developed in the lab and their classication as product/service, process,
organisational, or commercial innovations.
3.
Impact of the innovation, whether it involves innovation within the organisation or in the market.
4.
Professional proles in the laboratories: number of people, training, skills, etc.
5.
Protecting innovation.
6.
Collaborative networks.
Data collection (questionnaires, conversations, and a review of publications) was carried out from July to September of 2022.
e average length of the responses was four pages per case, in addition to annotations obtained from telephone conversations
and emails, as well as academic and professional publications. In total, some 50 pages of text were processed for the ve cases
analysed.
4. Results
e rst nding revealed that there are two types of laboratories in the cases studied: the rst type originates in traditional
media, who decide to innovate their narratives by taking advantage of technological innovation, as in the case of RTVE Lab,
El País Lab, and ECO Lab; the second type are media or information platforms that originate with innovation built into their
groundwork from the beginning, with collaborative business structures that develop laboratories as a source of creativity for
1
From the database of PITEC [Panel on Technological Innovation], jointly developed by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) and the Spanish Foundation for
Science and Technology, along with the advice of a group of academic experts. e results of this database are available at the following address:
https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.
htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176755&menu=resultados&secc=1254736195616&idp=1254735576669#!tabs-1254736194796
440 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
their informative oering, but mainly as a tool for connecting and participating with the most closely related interest groups.
is is the case of Ojo Lab and La Diaria Lab.
If we look at the research questions, the results obtained from the case studies are as follows:
RQ1. What kind of innovation do media outlets develop by using media labs?
Table 1 shows the innovation developed in each case
Table 1. Types of innovation developed by the media labs
Innovation TypeECO LabEl Pais LabRTVE LabLa Diaria LabOjo Lab
Product/servicexxxxx
Processxxxxx
Marketingxxx
Organisationxxxx
Source: created by the authors
In all the laboratories, innovation in connection with the media’s news work is carried out. In other words, the innovation is
focused on news products and services, as well as on narrative formats that try to retain and increase audience share. is type
of innovation is the main purpose of these organisational units.
Some of the product innovations that stand out from each laboratory are the following:
Table 2. Product and service innovation
LabInnovation
ECO Lab
Parche Tek
, an informative service about technology for young people between 16 and 22 years old, with a strong
impact on the social network TikTok, even though it is transmedia in nature.
Minipodcast, “Give me three minutes and I’ll explain it”.
https://www.elcolombiano.com/economia-y-ahorro-en-podcast
El País Lab
Report on the campaign to save the bearded vulture in Spain:
https://elpais.com/clima-y-medio-ambiente/2022-07-28/el-quebrantahuesos-reconquista-los-cielos.html
RTVE Lab
A guide for people who document war crimes or tragedies:
https://lab.rtve.es/be-witness
La Diaria Lab
La Diaria
Books: informative value proposal co-created with the community of readers using the
design thinking
methodology.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 441
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
Ojo Lab
Promotion of spaces for face-to-face encounters between the youngest audiences, with the participation of hip hop
singers and indigenous artists.
Creation and design of sustainability projects such as the rst lines of clothing sold in
La Tienda
with the slogan, “A
way of experiencing journalism”.
Source: created by the authors
In terms of process innovation, the main aim is to change the work habits of journalists so that they use new methodologies
and rely on multidisciplinary professionals in the performance of their activity.
Table 3. Process innovation
LabInnovation
ECO Lab
Development of a roadmap for innovative organisation so that all areas of the company can learn how to brainstorm,
as well as a toolkit to allow them to apply
design thinking
methodologies and
jobs to be done
strategies in their daily
challenges.
El País Lab
Incorporation of changes in the processes of journalistic creation to match the story to be told with the optimal format
and narrative resources to help convey the information to the reader in the best way.
RTVE Lab
Introduction of a tool to make it easier for conventional television journalists to create news data banners and send
them automatically to Ingesta Clean Feeds, which is a network infrastructure for data processing.
La Diaria Lab
e way the newspaper covers elections was modied when Diaria Lab developed a statistical device and app that
allowed 300 volunteer subscribers to oversee the primaries, reporting in real time, which allowed the newspaper to
contribute to the credibility of the electoral process and forward the results as soon as the elections closed.
https://ladiaria.com.uy/opinion/articulo/2020/9/la-diaria-datos-y-una-nueva-proyeccion-de-escrutinio/
Ojo Lab
Introduction of new routines into the work methods of journalists, such as stress management and the use of
business
model canvas
to manage resources for journalistic projects.
Source: created by the authors
Commercial innovation was the least present in the cases studied. Generally speaking, this type of activity is left to the
marketing or advertising departments of news media. Nevertheless, two of the laboratories mentioned developing activities
aimed at attracting young audiences.
Table 4. Commercial innovation
LabInnovation
ECO LabRedesign of the group’s masthead.
El País LabNot mentioned.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
442 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
RTVE LabNot mentioned.
La Diaria Lab
‘I chose to inform you’. “Even though this is the least commercial tactic we have used, this strategy was focused
on democratising access to the newspaper’s content by the new young voters. is allowed us to initiate a design
thinking process with them, which boosted our product strategy”.
https://blog.ladiaria.com.uy/2019/06/18/lanzamos-elegi-informarte/
Ojo Lab
Use of new communication channels to promote journalism among young people, such as TikTok and illustration
contests through Instagram.
Source: created by the authors
Organisational innovation is inherent to the establishment of laboratories, as it involves the creation of a specic department
whose mission is to promote innovation. In general, due to their activity, the example they set, and their close contact with
the editorial sta, laboratories bring about changes in the organisation of work. e result is a shift from hierarchical and
functional groups to horizontal and multidisciplinary ways of working, with a problem-solving focus. Diaria Lab is taking one
step further in experimenting with technology to generate new organisational structures (Table 5).
Table 5. Organisational innovation
LabInnovation
ECO Lab
Creation of a department for new niche business units.
Implementation of the
agile methodology
.
El País LabProject-based work methodologies and multidisciplinary teams
RTVE Lab
All the people in the department are multidisciplinary. Moreover, they have sucient understanding and operability
in diverse technical and content areas simultaneously which, as the head of the department points out, “is neither
encouraged nor practised in conventional Spanish media”.
La Diaria Lab
New types of organisation through DAOs (Decentralised Autonomous Organisations), and their relationship with
DeFi (decentralised nance). “We are making inroads into the opportunities oered by blockchains for journalism
beyond nance”. An example can be found at this link:
https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/07/30/el-innovador-proyecto-para-preser-
var-la-memoria-de-la-dictadura-uruguaya-en-blockchain/
Ojo LabNot mentioned.
Source: created by the authors
RQ2. How is the work organised within these media labs?
e laboratories are independent organisational units, yet they maintain close ties with the editorial sta of the newspapers
and the rest of the departments.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 443
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
According to those surveyed, the work is mainly project-based, with specic multidisciplinary teams (the teams are permanent
in the Spanish labs), yet there is involvement by other members of the company in projects where dierent internal and
external players are incorporated in order to have a comprehensive and multidisciplinary vision of the challenges faced. ese
groups have no hierarchy, and their members change according to the challenges presented. In this context, training in new
work methods is essential.
In the three South American laboratories, it is striking that the interviewees explicitly mention the need for training in design
thinking. e news writers rotate through the projects and end up transferring their learning and methods used to their
journalistic routines.
An innovation journey is created so that all areas learn how to brainstorm, and a toolkit is provided so they can apply “design
thinking” and “jobs to be done” methodologies to their daily challenges
(ECO Lab).
With regard to Diaria Lab and Ojo Lab, audience participation is a key factor, and physical spaces are created for interaction
with dierent interest groups, from subscribers and audiences to journalists from other media. is interaction gives rise to
proposals that transcend even the journalistic work of the media.
RQ3. What types of professionals have sustained these media labs, and the media where they have been employed, in recent
years?
In all the cases studied, journalists play a key role in the labs. However, the incorporation of multidisciplinary approaches
requires the presence of other proles. ese are mostly graphic designers, marketing experts, and computer programmers.
ECO Lab mentions how on some occasions it has even required the services of anthropologists.
Table 6. Laboratory personnel and professional proles
LabNo.Team
ECO Lab
5
e rst ECO Lab team consisted of nine people chosen from each department of the newspaper, ranging from
photography and editorial to design and advertising. e lab promoter had a background in industrial design,
journalism, and business administration.
Currently, there are ve people working in the lab. e leader is permanent and a journalist, and she has other
journalists working for her, yet graphic designers and experts in marketing and advertising have also joined the
group.
El País Lab
6
Six professionals comprise the team. Of these, two are journalists, and of those who are not, there are proles related
to computer science, ne arts, and design, who contribute knowledge and skills related to conceptualisation,
programming, and design of journalistic content.
RTVE Lab
14
As for the people who work in the laboratory, there are a total of 14 professionals, 3 of whom are journalists.
Among those who do not have a journalism degree, there are proles related to audio-visual communication,
graphic design, prototyping, and web programming.
444 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
La Diaria Lab
6
ere are various managers: product and innovation, community, technology, projects, UX design, and
blockchain. None of them are journalists, yet they work closely with the newspaper’s editorial sta, providing
support for research, ideation, design, and innovation assessment. ey describe the lab team as a link between
the newsroom and the community.
Ojo Lab
1
ere is one permanent sta member, while collaborators are recruited by project for production and convening.
Journalists are involved in the design of programmes, processes and certain products. Fully 90% of those involved
in the projects are journalists. Other professionals in high demand are those in marketing and advertising, and
people who are able to organise and carry out events.
Source: created by the authors
RQ4. What innovative approaches and contributions to journalism have these non-journalists made?
Above all, non-journalistic proles provide the visual potential of the new narratives oered by technological advances, which
are demanded by new generations of readers. Experts in IT and digital marketing are also brought in to make the most of the
information generated on digital platforms, and to more accurately target new products to market needs.
Finally, we would like to stress the importance of cooperation in innovation projects. Relationships between the players in
this scenario, such as universities, consultants, and R&D companies, are a vital source of innovation. In the case of
La Diaria
,
public administrations and platforms such as Google help to nance innovation, which is then oered openly to society.
5. Discussion and conclusions
is research has focused on media labs. In Spain and Latin America, some journalistic media have found these labs to be
the solution to providing added value to their coverage through creativity and technological applications, thereby allowing
these media to become more ecient in gaining knowledge about their audiences and interacting with them. Likewise, these
specialised work units have helped the media to ensure that all this innovation is disseminated to every process and task in the
newsroom, and that it has a positive impact on journalistic business models.
e ve media labs analysed from four countries have emerged with a clear link to innovation. However, in the ve cases
studied, we nd considerable dierences in their background, which determines both the type of innovation introduced (RQ1)
and the way of organising the work (RQ2).
us, in three of the cases (RTVE Lab, El País Lab, and ECO Lab), which were created to renew the narrative formats of
traditional media (or media groups), these labs try to introduce new narrative formats in well-established newsrooms with
sluggish productivity accumulated over many years.
In the case of La Diaria Lab and Ojo Lab, they were founded as new media in 2006 and 2014, and were launched during
the peak of digital media with working structures and products adapted to new technology. ese laboratories are part of
an innovative culture that is ingrained in the organisations’ groundwork from the start, which is made clear in its founding
editorials. ese are media where innovation takes place throughout the company, yet they have also chosen to create a space
for creativity that is shared with the dierent stakeholders, especially the audience.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 445
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
Nevertheless, the aims of these two laboratories are dierent. e former tries to adapt the established media to the new
communicative context by experimenting with new narrative formats, thereby reinstituting the most established course of
action within media labs (López-Hidalgo and Ufarte, 2016; Zaragoza-Fuster and García-Avilés, 2018). On the other hand, the
latter seeks to interact with their target audience in order to generate new projects, which are sometimes outside the journalistic
work of the media outlet. Both
La Diaria
and
Ojo Público
represent this new generation of media labs (Hogh-Janovsky and
Meier, 2021), which make innovation available to a journalistic eld with increasingly blurred boundaries (Carlsson and Lewis,
2015), in which more external players participate.
e research herein focuses on the innovative solutions provided by these multidisciplinary work units, created within
journalistic media companies, which are based on the contributions of dierent professional proles (RQ3). is raises
questions about the need for these media to help with their own cause by looking outside themselves in order to continue
undertaking innovation in its most transversal sense.
It is therefore worth questioning whether the idea of these media sustaining themselves with other types of proles can be
extended not only to professionals from other areas of knowledge, but to actors on the fringes of journalism as well. In this
regard, authors such as Schapals, Maares and Hanusch (2019) consider that the dissonance between professionals and other
participants in terms of vision and practices have diminished to the extent that the trend toward hybridisation of the media
in its multi-platform production encourages collaboration between both groups, as well as innovative tasks in the media.
As pointed out by Posetti (2018), journalism increasingly needs to innovate in order to adapt more eectively to the new
communication scenario.
In the cases studied, as highlighted by Westlund and Lewis (2014), there are three types of innovative agents, depending
on their relationship with journalism and their possible contributions. e authors mention the following three types of
“actors”: the rst includes “journalists, computer scientists, designers, advertisers, and other diverse groups of outside experts
(consultants); the second type are “facilitators” (technology applied to journalistic work that provides innovative solutions), as
in the case of blockchain at La Diaria Lab; and nally, the “audiences” (users who consume journalistic products and services
as well as those who participate actively in news production), which have a special role in Latin American media labs. In this
theoretical approach, which addresses the question of who can activate innovative processes in journalistic organisations,
the authors clearly show that there are “viewpoints and cooperative behaviour among all the agents potentially involved in
innovation” (Westlund and Lewis, 2014, p. 17).
e existence of these laboratories makes us think of journalistic companies as masterful organisations with the ability to
combine commercial activity with exploration (O’Reilly III and Tushman, 2013). However, the frenetic pace of newsroom work
and the need for real-time news coverage make it dicult to nd time for reection, creativity and innovation. In this sense,
companies that modify their business structures by creating laboratories enable this balance between reection and action,
between daily business activity and the exploration of new formats and ways of working.
e incorporation of new proles from elds outside journalism is now an established fact in news companies, and in the
media labs within these outlets as well. Graphic designers, programmers, technology specialists, and experts in advertising
and digital marketing are some of the proles that form part of these media labs and enrich the work of journalists. ey are
446 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
proles that should be added to the work of newsrooms because of their ability to respond to the challenges faced by media
companies, which go beyond the knowledge and training of journalists (RQ4).
Finally, based on the case studies, the debate arises as to whether it would be appropriate for news organisations to stop
depending on laboratories and extend the proactive attitude toward change and adaptation to all departments and levels of
the organisation. As pointed out by Valero-Pastor (2021, p. 129), while “the autonomy of laboratories is an enabling feature for
innovation, having contact between the two working groups for knowledge transfer is also positive”. In this way, a true learning
culture is fostered through the diusion of innovation (Porcu, 2017).
However, this requires the implementation of new working methods, such as ECO Lab’s
agile method
, as well as training of
editorial sta and modication of the employee incentive system. Both time and space must be provided for innovation to
take place in newsrooms. Employee incentives should not focus exclusively on eciency and short-term results, which are
deterrents to innovation, and are often associated with the failure to bring something new to the organisation.
is article makes an important contribution to the study of the recent global phenomenon of innovation in news media,
especially as it focuses on Spanish-language news outlets. As such, it puts the journalistic reality of Latin American countries
on the research map of media innovation, which is usually addressed less often in these areas than in other parts of the world,
such as North America and Europe.
Furthermore, based on the analysis and testimonies gathered, this research highlights the internal keys to a greater
understanding of the functioning of these innovative units within the media, as well as the growing importance of certain
professionals who have been joining newsrooms in recent years to contribute to innovation in journalism.
Nevertheless, this study has limitations. e rst is directly related to the methodology used with regard to the sample of
analysis. Although the selection of labs analysed could be considered highly representative, as all but one of them belong
to Spanish-language journalistic media, the small sample size (n=5) does not allow us to extrapolate general conclusions
to Ibero-American countries as a whole regarding the degree of development of innovation in that region. Moreover, other
countries that are geographically close to either Spain or Ibero-America, such as Portugal and Brazil, were left out of the study
for language reasons, yet these could be incorporated into future comparative studies on the issue in question.
e second and most relevant limitation is the geographical distance and lack of physical access to the participants of the
study. Although the assessment of the labs that comprise the sample was based on the analysis of their actions over time, as
well as surveys and online conversations with their managers to learn rst-hand how they work within the media, the research
had only one testimony per lab. e analysis and testimonies combined are not enough to be able to analyse in greater depth
the way these organisational units work, nor the contribution of each of these new, non-journalistic proles to the innovations
introduced by the media labs in the sample.
For these reasons, future research should consider the possibility of carrying out ethnographic studies such as observation
(Zaragoza-Fuster and García-Avilés, 2018; García-Avilés, 2018), and conducting face-to-face interviews that are more in-depth,
with the dierent managers and professionals who comprise these multidisciplinary work teams.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 447
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
In this way, an attempt could be made to expand the knowledge regarding innovative initiatives in Spanish-language
journalism, as well as the search to establish parameters that will allow comparative studies to be carried out among dierent
media systems and journalistic cultures.
6. Acknowledgements
is article has been translated from Spanish into English by Charles Edmond Arthur, to whom we are grateful for his services.
7. Specic contributions of each author
Names and surnames
Concept and work designJosé Luis Rojas and Francisco J. Caro
Methodology
José Luis Rojas, Francisco J. Caro and Concha Pérez
Data collection and analysisJosé A. González and Francisco J. Caro
Discussion and conclusionsJosé Luis Rojas, Francisco J. Caro and José A González
Writing, formatting, review, and version approvalJosé Antonio González, Francisco J. Caro, José Luis Rojas and Concha Pérez
8. Bibliographic references
Andriopoulos, C. y M.W. Lewis (2009). Exploitation-Exploration Tensions and Organizational Ambidexterity: Managing
Paradoxes of Innovation.
Organization Science
, 20(4), 696-717.
https://onx.la/e11e1
Appelgren, E. y G. Nygren (2014). Data journalism in Sweden: Introducing new methods and genres of journalism into ‘old’
organizations.
Digital journalism
, 2(3), 394-405.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.884344
Belair-Gagnon, V. y A.J. Steinke (2020). Capturing digital news innovation research in organizations, 1990- 2018.
Journalism
studies
, 21(12), 1724-1743.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1789496
Belair-Gagnon, V., Lewis, S.C. y C. Agur (2020). Failure to launch: competing institutional logics, intrapre- neurship, and the
case of chatbots.
Journal of computer-mediated communication
, 25(4), 291-306.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa008
Bisso-Nunes, A.C. y J. Mills (2019). Media Labs. WAN-IFRA.
https://onx.la/da858
Bisso-Nunes, A.C. y J. Mills (2021). Journalism Innovation: How Media Labs Are Shaping the Future of Media and Journalism.
Brazilian Journalism Research
, 17(3), 652–679.
https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v17n3.2021.1440
Bleyen, V.A., Lindmark, S., Ranaivoson, H. y P. Ballon (2014). A typology of media innovations: insights from an exploratory
study.
e Journal of Media Innovations
, 1(1), 28-51.
https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v1i1.800
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
448 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Carlson, M. (2015). e robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redenition of labor, compositional forms, and
journalistic authority.
Digital journalism
, 3(3), 416-431.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Carlson, M. y S.C. Lewis (2015).
Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices and participation
. Routledge
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news
consumption during the outbreak.
El Profesional de la información
, 29(2), e290223.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Cerezo, P. (2022).
Deconstruyendo los medios. Cómo adaptar las empresas de comunicación al entorno digital
. Almuzara.
Chadwick, A. (2017).
e hybrid media system: Politics and power
. Oxford University Press.
Chua, S. y A. Duy (2019). Friend, Foe or Frenemy? Traditional Journalism Actors’ Changing Attitudes towards Peripheral
Players and eir Innovations.
Media and Communication,
7(4), 112-122.
https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2275
Codina, L. y Vállez M. (2018). Periodismo computacional: evolución, casos y herramientas.
El profesional de la Información
,
27(4), 759-68.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.05
Costera-Meijer, I. y T. Groot (2014). Checking, sharing, clicking and linking.
Digital Journalism
, 3(5), 664–679.
https://doi.org
/10.1080/21670811.2014.937149
De Lima, M. F. y L. Mesquita (2021). Data Journalism Beyond Technological Determinism,
Journalism Studies
, 22(11), 1416-
1435.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1944279
De-Maeyer, J., Libert, M., Domingo, D., Heinderyckx, F. y F. Le-Cam (2015). Waiting for data journalism: A qualitative assessment
of the anecdotal take-up of data journalism in French-speaking Belgium.
Digital journalism
, 3 (3), 432-446.
https://doi.org/1
0.1080/21670811.2014.976415
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered.
Journalism
, 6(4), 442–
464.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815
Eisenhardt, K. M. y M. E. Graebner (2007). eory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges.
Academy of Management
Journal
, 50(1), 25-32.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888
Eldridge, Scott A., II. (2018).
Online journalism from the periphery: Interloper media and the journalistic eld
. Routledge.
Fletcher, R. y R. Kleis-Nielsen (2017). Are News Audiences Increasingly Fragmented? A Cross-National Comparative Analysis
of Cross-Platform News Audience Fragmentation and Duplication Get access Arrow.
Journal of Communication
, 67(4), 476–
498.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12315
García-Avilés, J.A. (2018). Resultados de la innovación en los laboratorios de medios: el caso de El condencial.LAB.
El
Profesional de la Información
, 27(2), 359-366.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.14
García-Avilés, J.A. (2021). Review article: Journalism innovation research, a diverse and ourishing eld (2000-2020).
El
Profesional de la Información
, 30(1), e300110.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.ene.10
García-Avilés, J.A., Arias, F., De Lara-González, A, Carvajal, M., Valero, J.M. y D. Mondéjar, D. (2022). How COVID-19 is
Revamping Journalism: Newsroom Practices and Innovations in a Crisis Context.
Journalism Practice
, 2 de noviembre.
https://
doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2139744
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 449
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
García-Orosa, B., López-García, X., y J. Vázquez-Herrero (2020). Journalism in Digital Native Media: Beyond Technological
Determinism. Media and Communication, 8(2), 5-15.
https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2702
García-Ramírez, D. (2021). Journalism in the attention economy: the relation between digital platforms and news organizations
.
Brazilian Journalism Research
, 17(1), 4-27.
https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v17n1.2021.1332
González-Alba, J.A. (2017). Los labs de medios en España: la innovación desde el área de la organización periodística.
Cuadernos de periodistas
, 33, 49-63.
https://onx.la/4b702
Graves, L., Nyhan, B. y J. Reier (2016). Understanding innovations in journalistic practice: A eld experiment examining
motivations for fact-checking.
Journal of communication
, 66(1).
https://doi.org/102-138
. 10.1111/jcom.12198
Gynnild, A. (2014). Journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism: e impact of computational explora- tion on
changing mindsets.
Journalism
, 15 (6), 713-730.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913486393
Hogh-Janovsky, I. y K. Meier (2021). Journalism innovation labs 2.0 in media organisations: A motor for transformation and
constant learning.
Journalism and Media
, 2(3), 361-378.
https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2030022
Hogh-Janovsky, I. y K. Meier (2021). Journalism innovation labs 2.0 in media organisations: A motor for transformation and
constant learning.
Journalism and media
, 2(3), 361-378.
https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2030022
Holton, A.E. y V. Belair-Gagnon (2018). Strangers to the game? Interlopers, intralopers, and shifting news production.
Media
and Communication
, 6(4), 70–78.
https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1490
Jenkins, H. (2004). e cultural logic of media convergence.
International Journal of Cultural Studies
, 7(1), 33–43.
https://doi.
org/10.1177/136787790404060
Jenkins, J. y R. Kleis-Nielsen (2020). Preservation and Evolution: Local Newspapers as Ambidextrous Organizations.
Journalism
,
21 (4), 472-488.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919886421
Koivula, M., Villi, M. y A. Sivunen (2020). Creativity and innovation in technology-mediated journalistic work: mapping out
enablers and constraints.
Digital journalism
, online rst.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1788962
Küng, L. (2007). Does Media Management Matter? Establishing the Scope, Rationale, and Future Research Agenda for the
Discipline
. Journal of Media Business Studies
, 4(1), 21-39.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2007.11073444
Küng, L. (2015). Innovators in digital news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
https://onx.la/a6313
Lamot, K. y S. Paulussen (2020). Six uses of analytics: Digital editors’ perceptions of audience analytics in the newsroom”.
Journalism practice
, 14(3), 358-373.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1617043
Lewis, S.C. (2012). e tension between professional control and open participation: Journalism and its boundaries.
Information,
Communication & Society
, 15(6), 836–866.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.674150
Lewis, S.C. y N. Usher (2013). Open source and journalism: Toward new frameworks for imagining news innovation.
Media,
Culture & Society
, 35(5), 602-619.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443713485494
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
450 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
López-García, X. (2021). Redenición de metacompetencias, competencias y habilidades de los periodistas digitales.
Anuario
inkEPI
, 16, e16a03.
https://doi.org/10.3145/thinkepi.2022.e16a03
López-García, X. y B. García-Orosa (2021). Epílogo. La regeneración del mercado periodístico español. En R. Salaverría y M.P.
Martínez-Costa (coords.),
Medios nativos digitales en España
. Comunicación Social Ediciones y Publicaciones.
López-Hidalgo, A. y M.J. Ufarte (2016). Laboratorios de periodismo en España. Nuevas narrativas y retos de futuro.
Ámbitos:
revista internacional de comunicación
, 34.
https://onx.la/c342c
Mancini, P. (2019). Comparing media systems and the digital age. En
Digitalizing media: communication, audiences, policies
.
Proceedings of the 11th International Media Readings in Moscow ‘Mass Media and Communications-2019’ (pp. 110-110).
Moscú (Rusia), 17-19 octubre 2019.
Meier, K., Schützeneder, J., García-Avilés, J.A., Valero-Pastor, J.M., Kaltenbrunner, A., Lugschitz, R., Porlezza, C., Ferri, G.,
Wyss, V. y M. Saner (2022). Examining the Most Relevant Journalism Innovations: A Comparative Analysis of Five European
Countries from 2010 to 2020.
Journalism and Media
, 3(4), 698-714.
https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3040046
Miles, M. y A. Huberman (1994).
Qualitative Data Analysis
(2ª Ed). Sage.
Mills, J. y A. Wagemans (2021). Media labs: Constructing journalism laboratories, innovating the future: How journalism is catalysing
its future processes, products and people.
Convergence,
27(5), 1462-1487.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856521994453
O’Reilly III, C.A. y M.L. Tushman (2013). Organizational Ambidexterity: Past, Present and Future.
e Academy of Management
Perspectives
, 27(4): 324-338.
https://onx.la/911f3
OECD/Eurostat (2005). Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation (3th Edition). e
Measurement of Scientic, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing/Eurostat.
https://onx.la/67e6c
OECD/Eurostat (2018). Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation (4th
Edition). e Measurement of Scientic, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing/Eurostat.
https://doi.
org/10.1787/9789264304604-en
Palomo, B. y D. Palau-Sampio (2016). El periodista adaptativo. Consultores y directores de innovación analizan las cualidades
del profesional de la comunicación. El Profesional de la información, 25(2), 188-195.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.mar.05
Pavlik, J. V. (2013). Innovation and the future of journalism.
Digital Journalism
, 1(2), 181-193.
https://doi.org/10.1080/216708
11.2012.756666
Pavlik, J. V. (2021).
Disruption and Digital Journalism: Assessing News Media Innovation in a Time of Dramatic Change
.
Routledge.
Porcu, O. (2017). Exploring innovative learning culture in the newsroom.
Journalism
, 21(4), 1556-1572.
https://doi.
org/10.1177/1464884917724596
Posetti, J. (2018). Time to step away from the ‘bright, shiny things’? Towards a sustainable model of journalism innovation in
an era of perpetual change. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
https://onx.la/cb6d0
Rogers, E. M. (2003).
Diusion of innovations
. Free Press.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
| 451
July-December of 2023
José Antonio González Alba, Francisco Javier Caro González, José Luis Rojas Torrijos and Concha Pérez Curiel
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
Rojas-Torrijos, J.L. y C. Pérez-Curiel (2020). Nuevos espacios para la redenición de la profesión periodística. En: M.J. Ruiz-
Acosta y A. López Hidalgo (Eds.),
El periodismo en tiempos de realidad virtual
(pp. 67-92). Comunicación Social.
Sádaba, C. y R. Salaverría (2016). La innovación y los cibermedios: los labs. En: C. Sádaba, J.A. García-Avilés y M.P. Martínez-
Costa (coords.).
Innovación y desarrollo de los cibermedios en España
(pp. 41-47). Ediciones Universidad de Navarra.
Salaverría, R. (2015). Los labs como fórmula de innovación en los medios.
El Profesional de la Información
, 24(4), 397-404.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.jul.06
Salaverría, R. y M.P. Martínez-Costa (2021).
Medios nativos digitales: Caracterización y Tendencias
. Comunicación Social
Ediciones y Publicaciones.
Satizábal, C.C. (2022).
Los labs de medios de comunicación como agentes catalizadores de la innovación periodística: concepto,
situación en España y visión de los expertos
. Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Carlos III
Schapals, A. K., Maares, P. y F. Hanusch (2019). Working on the Margins: Comparative Perspectives on the Roles and Motivations
of Peripheral Actors in Journalism.
Media and Communication
, 7(4), 19-30.
https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2374
Schapals, A.K. (2022).
Peripheral Actors in Journalism. Deviating from the Norm?
Routledge
Steensen, S. (2009). What’s stopping them? Towards a grounded theory of innovation in online journalism
. Journalism
Studies
, 10(6), 821-836.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700902975087
Tejedor, S. y P. Vila (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Articial
Intelligence.
Journalism and Media
, 2(4), 830-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048
Toural-Bran, C. y A. Vizoso (2021). Periodistas ante la automatización y la Inteligencia Articial: la importancia de la formación.
En R. Salaverría y M.P. Martínez-Costa (coords.),
Medios nativos digitales en España
. Comunicación Social Ediciones y
Publicaciones.
Valero-Pastor, J. M., García-Avilés, J. A. y M. Carvajal (2021). Transformational Leadership and Innovation in Digital-Only
News Outlets. Analysis of Quartz and El Condencial.
Journalism Studies
, 22(11), 1450-1468.
https://doi.org/10.1080/146167
0X.2021.1927153
Valero-Pastor, J.M. (2020). La construcción de la innovación en los medios de comunicación nativos digitales: los casos de El
Condencial y Quartz. Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Miguel Hernández.
Valero-Pastor, J.M., Carvajal-Prieto, M. y J.A. García-Avilés (2019). Flujos de trabajo para el periodismo postindustrial: métodos
y programas para una comunicación organizacional más ágil y transversal.
El Profesional de la información
, 28(5), e280514.
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.14
Virta, S. y N. Malmelin (2017). Ambidextrous tensions: Dynamics of creative work in the media innovation process.
e Journal
of Media Innovations,
4(1). 44-59,
https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2410
Wang, Q (2.020). Dierentiation and De-dierentiation: e Evolving Power Dynamics Between News Industry and Tech
Industry.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
, 97(2), 509–527.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020916809
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
452 |
nº 37, pp. 431-452
|
July-December of 2023
Journalistic innovation emerging from non-journalistic proles. A comparative study of ve Ibero-American media labs
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Westlund, O. y S.C. Lewis (2014). Agents of media innovations: Actors, actants, and audiences.
e Journal of Media Innovations
,
1(2), 10–35.
https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v1i2.856
Yin, R. (1988).
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
. Sage.
Zaragoza-Fuster, T. y J.A. García-Avilés (2018). Desarrollo de la innovación periodística en la televisión pública: El caso del
RTVE Lab.
Hipertext.net
, 17, 11-21.
https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2018.i17.02
Zhang, S. y J. Feng, (2019). A step forward? Exploring the diusion of data journalism as journalistic innovations in China
.
Journalism Studies
, 20(9), 1281-1300.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513814
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>