Professional domains of data journalism within the digital media
ecosystem: an approach to the Spanish context and to leading media
in the English-speaking world
Ámbitos profesionales del periodismo de datos dentro del ecosistema mediático
digital: una aproximación al contexto español y a los medios de referencia en el
mundo anglosajón
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How to cite this article:
Saavedra Llamas, M.; Herrero de la Fuente, M. and Castillo Lozano, E. (2023). Professional domains of data journalism within the digital media
ecosystem: an approach to the Spanish context and to leading media in the English-speaking world.
Doxa Comunicación
, 37, pp. 341-358.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n37a1853
Marta Saavedra Llamas.
PhD accredited with a six-year period of active research (2015-2020). She is Vice Dean of the
Faculty of Communication and Arts of the Antonio de Nebrija University since March 2021. She is part of the Innomedia
Research Group. Previously, she was part of the privately funded Journalistic Analysis and Anticipation Research
Group, focused on health and environmental journalism. Her main lines of research are the communication industries,
communication strategies, the social audience and professional proles in communication. She has published four
books in leading publishers, fourteen articles in indexed journals, and thirty book chapters. She has participated in
numerous international conferences.
Nebrija University, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-7762-9996
Mercedes Herrero de la Fuente.
PhD in Information Sciences (UCM). Member of the Innomedia research group and
member of the R+D+I project “Disability and digital skills in the audiovisual sector”. She has been a research fellow at:
Cornell University (USA), University of Saldford (United Kingdom), Radboud Universiteit (Netherlands) and Karlova
Univerzita (Czech Republic). She has published articles in highly indexed journals and participated in numerous
international conferences. Her lines of research include the application of new technologies to informative discourse,
disinformation in social networks, and the new professional proles. Professor accredited for public and private
universities, she teaches classes at the Antonio de Nebrija University, in undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.
Nebrija University, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-5361-9056
Eduardo Castillo Lozano.
Coordinator of the Journalism degree at the Antonio de Nebrija University. Degree in
Journalism from the San Pablo CEU University. Doctoral student in Communication at the UCM, where he is conducting
research on data journalism and new professional proles. As a professor at the Nebrija University, he teaches subjects
related to journalistic writing, communication skills in writing and public speaking, or locution. Radio journalist
specializing in economics. He is currently the director and presenter of “Afterwork” on Capital Radio (a program for
which he received an Antena de Oro in 2017). He has been the presenter of the TVE La2 television program “Conecta
con el Mercado”.
Nebrija University, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0003-1726-2712
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License
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1. Introduction
e impact of technological changes on the media ecosystem has become more severe since the year 2020. e pandemic
experienced worldwide accelerated the ongoing processes and conrmed trends that are now true, and which must be dealt
with in daily journalistic work. Many national and international reports, such as those by
Reuters Institute for the Study of
Journalism
or the Observatorio Nacional de Tecnología y Sociedad (ONTS, National Observatory of Technology and Society),
have detected an evolution towards hybrid newsrooms
1
, a change in the journalistic routines, and a growing role of data in the
process of the creation of information and its posterior verication, in a moment in time in which disinformation has risen as
a threat against the future of media (Amoedo-Casais et al., 2022; Newman, 2022; Cherubini et al., 2021; Velasco-Jones et al.,
2021). In the present section, we will discuss all of these matters, being aware that were are currently living in a moment in
1
Here, as in section 1.1 the term hybrid is used in the sense of teams in which part of the professionals work in person in the newsroom, while the other part works
remotely.
Abstract:
Technological transformation is driving the evolution of the media
ecosystem, in which data journalism is consolidating as an area
of development. Among the aspects associated to this journalistic
modality, data visualization, news verication and investigative
journalism stand out. In this context, newsrooms made up of
interdisciplinary teams are ourishing, where technological skills are
gaining ground. Using the focus group technique, we collected the
qualied opinions of twelve journalists from Spanish media, whose
daily work is related to data journalism. We completed this with two in-
depth interviews with journalism professionals from e Washington
Post and e Guardian, both pioneering media in its implementation.
Our results indicate that the most valued skills are centrer on database
exploitation, big data analysis, visualization, and fact-checking.
In Spain, data journalism is not advancing at the desired speed,
because it is dicult to nd qualied professionals and investments
in technology is insucient. In the Anglo-Saxon world, progress is
remarkable, with a signicant rise in the Graphics department. In both
scenarios, data-related skills improve journalists’ employability and
career advancement.
Keywords:
Data journalism; data visualization; fact-checking; professional
proles; professional skills.
Resumen:
La transformación tecnológica impulsa una evolución del ecosistema
mediático, en la que el periodismo de datos se consolida como área de
desarrollo. Entre las vertientes ligadas a esta modalidad periodística
destacan la visualización de datos, la vericación informativa y el
periodismo de investigación. En este contexto orecen las redacciones
integradas por equipos interdisciplinares, donde las habilidades
tecnológicas ganan terreno. Con la técnica del focus group recabamos
la opinión cualicada de doce periodistas de medios españoles, cuyo
trabajo diario está relacionado con el periodismo de datos. Completamos
lo anterior con dos entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales de e
Washington Post y e Guardian, medios
relevantes en su implantación.
Nuestros resultados indican que las competencias más valoradas se
centran en la explotación de bases de datos, el análisis de big data, la
visualización y el fact-checking. En España, el avance del periodismo
de datos no se produce a la velocidad deseada, porque resulta difícil
encontrar profesionales cualicados y la inversión en tecnología
es insuciente. En el mundo anglosajón el progreso es notable, con
especial auge del departamento de Graphics. En ambos escenarios, las
competencias relacionadas con datos mejoran la empleabilidad de los
periodistas y su promoción profesional.
Palabras clave:
Periodismo de datos; visualización de datos; vericación; perles
profesionales; competencias profesionales.
Received: 03/11/2022 - Accepted: 09/02/2023 - Early access: 10/03/2023 - Published: 01/07/2023
Recibido: 03/11/2022 - Aceptado: 09/02/2023 - En edición: 10/03/2023 - Publicado: 01/07/2023
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time in which the concept of liquid modernity (Bauman, 2005) seems to have overcome what Scolari (2021) named “gaseous
metaphor”, which describes a media ecology in which we nd the multiplication of actors, formats, and practices. is is a
complex and shifting framework, in which transformations are fast and very often global.
1.1. Data in journalistic practice: data journalism
Data journalism comes from the demand for transparency of public administrations promoted by the movement
open
data
and the great effect of
big data
on every aspect of society. At first, it became important in specific media outlets in
the United States and the United Kingdom
(Fink and Anderson, 2014; Hewett, 2013; Ferreras-Rodríguez, 2013), afterwards
extending to other countries, and it is now a strong trend in conventional media in all of Europe, as we veried during the
health crisis in 2020 (Córdoba-Cabús et al., 2020), and in digital natives
(Vizoso-García, 2021).
e use of data seeks to nd interesting and quality content, and involves the use of tools for its extraction and management,
as well as its posterior visualization. is transforms the manner in which to obtain information, and also the writing and
presentation of the contents (Ferreras-Rodríguez, 2013; Saavedra-Llamas et al., 2019).
Data journalism is considered the continuation of precision journalism, among other associated specializations. Chaparro-
Domínguez (2013) and Ferreras-Rodríguez (2013) so argue, while Dader-García and Gómez-Fernández (1993) point out that
just as in-depth journalism, precision journalism is derived from investigative journalism.
Philip Meyer is one of the main leaders of this journalistic evolution, as in the 60s, he began to develop journalism stories based
on the analysis and treatment of data. e particular nature of this type of journalism was that the scientic methodology from
the Social Sciences was applied to the exercise of journalism in an innovative manner. Meyer dened this specialty as:
e application of social and behavioral science research methods to the practice of journalism […]e tools of sampling, computer
analysis, and statistical inference increased the traditional power of the reporter without changing the nature of his or her mission-to
nd the facts, to understand them, and to explain them without wasting time. (2002: 2-3).
Meyer proposes a work scheme that would be valid today in the processes of creation of stories based on data journalism. First,
one must know how to collect data, store them, be able to retrieve them, analyze them, reduce them, and summarize them, and
most importantly, know how to tell a story with them.
Likewise, Dader-García (1997) describes a series of characteristics for precision journalism, that are still current for data
journalism, such as that numerical quantication, scientically veried, be the central element of the journalistic story.
Although
e Washington Post
or
e Guardian
are now leaders in the area of data journalism, and have large departments,
these media outlets have had numerous forerunners in the development of data-driven stories. is is the case of the works
published in the newspaper
Detroit Free Press
in 1967 (López-López, 2016), or those by
Providence Journal
in 1984 (Casal-
Cortizas, 2010).
The technological revolution has been a key aspect for the development of this specialization. In fact, precision
journalism was superseded by computer-assisted reporting (CAR).
Gehrke and Mielniczuk (2017) also pointed to Meyer
as the creator of CAR, although they argued that the use of a computer was not the key in precision journalism, but instead it
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was the use of the scientic method, above technology. On the other hand, DeFleur (1997) indicates that CAR is a precursor of
data journalism, and considers it as a discipline that performs computer analyses starting from records from the Government
and other public agencies, systematically.
Dader-García and Gómez-Fernández (1993) point out that the evolution of computer systems promoted the evolution from
CAR towards the so-called
Database Journalism
, a specialty that already includes in its denition the concept of data, and
bases its methodology in the screening of databases supported by powerful computer systems, which allow the exploration
and comparison of numerical and non-numerical content.
However, the authentic technological revolution that grants meaning to data journalism has been the emergence of the era of
big data
and the digitalization of processes. According to La Rosa-Barrolleta (2019), data journalism dierentiates itself from
precision journalism and CAR, in that it incorporates problems and techniques that have emerged from the era of
big data.
Related with this, the new specialized competences and skills demanded by the media are centered in areas such as new
technologies, statistics, the management of databases, the screening techniques and analysis, the visualization of the
information, and multimedia narratives (López-García et al., 2016a).
e studies on the new professional proles that have emerged in the area of journalism are numerous and interesting, among
which we nd those by López-García (2001), Vivar-Zurita (2011) and Sánchez-García et al. (2015). In this specic case, the
work by Ferreras-Rodríguez (2012) deserves a special mention, as it is one of the rst that referred to the data journalist as a
new professional alternative with good job prospects. ese and other studies introduce the idea of the multi-purpose and
versatile prole (Salaverría-Aliaga and Martínez-Costa, 2021; Gómez-Calderón et al., 2017; Heredero-Díaz and Reyes-Sánchez,
2016) with cross-sectional training, in which knowledge on statistics and programming are highly valued (Saavedra-Llamas
and Toledano Cuervas-Mons, 2022). ese professionals work in multi-disciplinary teams, with a marked technological
component (Saavedra-Llamas et al., 2020), where “the traditional division between engineers and journalists doesn’t make
sense” (Manfredi-Sánchez et al., 2019: 1643). ese teams are the result of dierent processes of technological innovation
adopted from newsrooms (García-Avilés et al., 2019; Nee, 2013), some of which the fruit of the development of data journalism.
González-Alba (2022) includes an interview given to the managing editor of the
Washington Post
, Kat Downs Mulder, who
explained that this newspaper had more than two hundred
software engineers
employed in dierent areas, who work together
with other journalists, looking for the best product and the ideal way to present it to the audience. As a postscript, we must
mention the term “adaptive journalist”, coined by Palau-Sampio in 2016 and mentioned by García-Avilés, who designates these
professionals as “open to experimentation in multidisciplinary teams in which it is common to nd collaboration between
technical and journalist proles” (2021: 10).
e rst data journalism initiatives in Spain surged from this idea of multidisciplinary teams. In 2001, at the Medialab Prado
space, a cultural and social innovation center, the rst workshops on data journalism took place, led by leaders such as Mar
Cabra, Alberto Cairo or David Cabo (Ferreras-Rodríguez, 2016). e latter would launch the CIVIO Foundation in 2012, a non-
governmental entity destined to oering information on transparency based on data journalism, and which employs many
journalists, programmers, and designers.
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The supply of individuals talented on the use technology and data are limited, and are demanded by many sectors,
with which media outlets compete.
Cherubini et al. (2021) reveals that almost half of the media outlets consulted have
diculties in hiring professionals with the necessary qualications. e main problems are centered on the more specic
positions, “such as software engineers or data scientists” (Newman, 2022:22). Some companies have proposed work exibility
as incentives, highlighting remote working for performing of tasks as one of the most recurring elements to attract talent in
hybrid newsrooms (Cherubini et al., 2021). Perhaps due to this, and according to the same study, 34% of those consulted will
maintain a hybrid model, while 57% have not made a decision on this aspect (2021: 6).
Engebretsen
et al.
(2018) affirmed, in
their research on the practice of data journalism in the Nordic regions, that “priorities are given to the specialists in this
field when hiring” (2018: 13).
Within the specic area of data journalism, data visualization and verication appear as areas that are experiencing the greatest
growth, as shown by the news coverage on COVID-19. is area also provides new possibilities for investigative journalism, a
very important facet in the history of specic media.
e presentation of data through infographics focused much of the information during the pandemic, gaining ground as
compared to other types of images, especially photography. ese visual resources often appear as independent information
elements, which grants them with special relevance, state Salvat-Martinrey and Aranda-Martínez (2020) in their work centered
on the main Spanish newspapers during the coronavirus crisis. López-García et al. (2016) highlight the added value provided
by data analysis techniques and their visualization, to news stories.
Engebretsen
et al.
(2018) specifically pointed out
mobile
rst
as one of the dominant criteria. This is translated into a simplification of the infographics, with less possibilities
of interaction, as they seek to be viable and operational for their consultation through
smartphones
, to multiply their
viewing
(
Engebretsen
et al.,
2018
).
As for verication, it is also revealed as an indispensable tasks in a context dominated by disinformation. Cerezo (2021)
describes it as among the main lines through which journalism currently advances, to meet a growing demand for truthful and
quality information through dierent formats and channels. In 2005, Channel 4 News inaugurated, in the United Kingdom,
the rst verication blog in Europe. Its example was followed in the entire continent, and by 2010, there were already active
verication platforms in 10 European countries (Rodríguez-Martínez et al., 2021: 29). Presently, verication journalism is being
developed through conventional media, independent agencies, and other entities, counting with international organizations
that dene shared guidelines to perform this work in a manner that is rigorous and recognized, such as the
International Fact-
Checking Network
(IFCN) or
e Trust Project
(Vázquez-Medel and Pulido-Rodríguez, 2021). e verication work emerges
as a response from the profession against the extended rumors in the digital context (López-García et al., 2016), which aects
transcendental matters, such as the continuity of the democratic system (Herrero-De-La Fuente and Ríos-Calvo, 2022). On the
other hand, disinformation is one of the main concerns of citizens, with 67% of users declaring their concerns on this matter
in Spain. is number is higher than the mean of 58% recorded in 46 countries, as shown in the last
Digital News Report Spain
2021
(Amoedo et al., 2022: 6).
e application of data to investigative journalism provides new possibilities for the publication of content from information
obtained through data searches and ltering techniques, which could become important news articles for the audience,
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and in general, for the interest of the population (Picard, 2017; Martinisi 2013; Flores-Vivar and Salinas-Aguilar, 2013). is
journalistic branch is connected, as the previous one, with the need to manage truthful information that provides clarity in a
moment in time characterized by media noise and growing polarization.
In Spain, there has been a notable development of data journalism in the main communication media, such as
El Condencial
,
Eldiario.es
or
El Español
, in which it is frequent to nd news articles that oer information, graphics, and interactions on
current events (Rubio-Jordán, 2021).
2. Objectives and methodology
e digitalization of communication media, as we have observed in the introduction, has provoked an unprecedented
transformation in information and entertainment industries. Changes have been made in the media ecosystem, the
organization of work teams, journalism routines, and professional skills. One of the positive aspects is the proliferation of
dierent professional proles that must tend to the new dimensions of journalism, and which were born, specically, from
the new possibilities provided by technology. us, within the digital area, we observed the strong surge of a concept of data
journalism closely associated with the verication of information, exploitation of
big data
for informational aims, and the
transformation of data into stories, together with its attractive presentation for audiences.
e main objective of the present article is to delve into this journalistic specialization, and to discover if, along with it, new
professional proles have proliferated, what functions they play, and what skills are needed. Likewise, the intention is to
observe if this renewal of proles has resulted in the re-organization of newsrooms, and if it has resulted in the hybridization
of work teams.
For this, the study was structured into three phases. e rst was descriptive, and based on a bibliographical and documental
exploratory study to be nd the context within which we could frame our object of study. e second and third phases were
qualitative, and complementary to each other. Firstly, the
focus group
technique was utilized to address, together with
specialized professionals, the study of the new proles.
e
focus group
technique is very valuable in the social sciences, as it allows receiving feedback about diverse subjects, as
stated by Kotler and Armstrong (2016). us, we believe that it will be highly useful for the present work, as we can compile
professional impressions and experiences of journalists from dierent media outlets, and verify if there is consensus, or if the
data-associated proles are more or less developed according to the sector. Also, as Garvin (2008) explains, this qualitative tool
oers a greater eld of information than quantitative techniques, as those who are interviewed not only answer close-ended
questions, but their interaction can generate new connections. On their part, Edmunds (1999) argues that the great advantage
of the
focus group
is that it allows us to discover what meanings are attributed by dierent individuals to specic subjects,
ideas, or concepts.
Valles-Martínez
(2002) reminds us to select the participants well, considering a series of variables that justify their selection.
us, in the present study, the main concurrent selection variable was that the participants had to be active in the area of data
journalism, on order to be able to explain their functions, determine their fundamental skills, and describe their dierent roles.
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A secondary concurrent variable was added, in that the experts had to have a trajectory longer than three years in this area,
to be able to observe the evolution of the data journalism specialization. e representation of men and women was sought,
as well as the incorporation of dierent communication industries. With respect to this, dierent categories were established:
Communication media with a digital section (A); Communication media with a data journalism section (B); Special data units
created within the corporation or medium (C), and Verication agencies and specialized entities (D).
Below, we present the experts selected, who were given a code to simplify the
verbatim
texts extracted.
Table 1. Experts who participated in the
focus group
Expert and prole
TypeMediumCode
Llerena, María José; digital development manager
A
Onda Cero
E1
Pomar, Julio; head of digital analytics
ABC
E2
Ramos, David; editor-in-chief of content and digital strategy
Cadena Ser
E3
Castellón, Joaquín; coordinator of research and data
B
La Sexta
E4
Escudero, Jesús; data journalist specialized in statistics
El Condencial
E5
Gallego, Francisco;
Head of digital analytics
y
data managementUnidad Editorial
E6
Escalona, Patricia;
fact-checker
in
Verica Antena 3
C
Antena 3
E7
García, Desir
é
e; manager of
Efe Verica
EFE
E8
Guisado, Paula; head of
Datos RTVE
RTVE
E9
Calle, Ignacio; director
2
D
Maldito Dato
E10
Delgado, Antonio; co-founder
Datadista
E11
Martín, Alba; journalist specialized in visualization of data
Newtral
E12
Source: created by the authors from the
curriculum vitae
of the experts
e third phase utilized the in-depth interview technique, as we consider it valuable for obtaining the testimony of data
journalists who perform their activity outside of Spain, in markets where the specialization is more developed, and even in
media outlets that are considered leaders worldwide. us, the study also counted with the participation from the United
States and the United Kingdom, and the prestigious media outlets
e Washington Post
and
e Guardian
, respectively.
2
is position was current when the
focus group
took place, but as of August, 2022, he is the research director at
Público.es
.
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It must be mentioned that these two countries have been the pioneers in the development of data journalism, or, as argued
by Fink and Anderson (2015), in the development of computational, innovative, and revolutionary journalism work. Also,
e Washington Post
is considered a worldwide example of the technological development of communication media and
funding for journalism (Zapater-Delgado, 2021). On its part,
e Guardian
has developed the specialty object of study with
the creation of
Datablog
, a channel considered by many theorists as fundamental in the evolution of precision journalism to
data journalism Chaparro-Domínguez, 2013). Also, as pointed out by López-García et al. (2016a), it is considered a benchmark
in the English-speaking world in working with data and its visualization. Likewise, both publishers are underlined by López-
García et al. (2016b) as benchmarks in the processes of verication, through its analysis of their
fact checking
models.
As for the method utilized in the third phase, Peña (2013) explains that an in-depth interview is a scientic-professional
conversation through which we can obtain information that will help us analyze a social context. e author determines,
in agreement with Kvale (2011) and Denzin and Lincoln (2000), that it is the most convenient technique within qualitative
models.
is is not a spontaneous dialogue, as Valles-Martínez (2002) explains, but it is founded on a structured process in which the
receiver of information –the researchers or interviewer– must select the person questioned –the expert or interviewee– based
on a set of variables and a solid argument. Likewise, a reection must be made on the subjects that are dealt with, and create
a space of exchange that facilitates the interaction between both agents.
Given these indications, the interviewees were:
Table 2. Experts interviewed
In-depth interview 1In-depth interview 2
Esteban, Chiqui
Graphics Director
e Washington Post
USA
Gutiérrez, Pablo
Visual Artist-Journalism
e Guardian
United Kingdom
Source: created by the authors from the
curriculum vitae
of the experts
3. Results
3.1. Professional proles associated to data journalism developed in Spain
Data journalism is a relatively recent discipline in the panorama of communication media, and although the digital
transformation of journalism began at the end of the 20
th
Century, it was not until 2010 when the rst data teams or departments
were created in leading international media. In Spain, experts remember that in 2011, a data journalism group, Medialab
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Matadero, emerged that oered free training to promote the discipline, “and the rst initiative emerged from that point on”
(E11).
More than a decade later, although journalists believe that the discipline has grown, and that the employment possibilities
are real, it needs more development, looking at the more evolved English-speaking media with disappointment, where data
“is not only associated to the present, but reports are also constructed with time and resources, unhurried stories outside the
agenda” (E5).
“Little by little, but there is interest and more resources are increasingly provided”, indicates E4, in agreement with E8, who
points out for the rst time the three large areas of professional work: exploitation of data, verication, and visualization.
e experts describe these proles:
–
e data journalist is able to extract information from databases, interpret them, and analyze them to create a story “that goes
beyond” (E3).
–
e fact-checker journalist, the gure that experts consider the most cross-sectional, and who emerged during times of di
-
sinformation, is responsible for contrasting information with specic data programs to combat the proliferation of fake news.
–
e visual journalist, who works more directly in the way in which the stories based on data are shown or told. is journalist
creates maps, infographics, graphics, tables, and images that help in understanding the information.
E6 indicates that although not exactly in the area of data, web trac analytics and metrics are indispensable in newsrooms.
“Also, if the data (news) pieces work, and there is user interaction and following, it will help management invest in more
resources”.
E12 explains the divisions created by the company she works for, which could provide us with clues about other professional
areas that could be explored in the future:
–
e audiovisual producer specialized on data, as all media tend to inform through images, the most consumed resource. He
or she is responsible for the ideation and execution of a piece, but also the management of resources. e expert underlines
the need to provide movement and spectacularization to the informative pieces, and knowing how to present data in a man
-
ner that is attractive, manageable, and aesthetic for the screen.
–
e expert in new narratives, with the capacity to apply new formats to journalistic projects, through the incorporation of
the latest trends in audience interactivity, gamication, and videogames. Likewise, they are granted with the ability to create
reports based on mobile journalism, Web 2.0, and social networks.
–
e Articial Intelligence (AI) applied to journalism specialist, an expert who uses programs such as Deep Learning to per
-
form automatic transcriptions of interviews and declarations to detect veriable phrases from the transcriptions. He or she
also uses tools such as Claim Hunter, which monitors Twitter to automatically detect veriable messages. IA allows increasing
the speed of checkers by 50%.
E8 supports the growth of positions linked with data journalism and the use of new narratives to enrich the experience of the
user. is is how he or she determines how closely the
podcast
or video will be attached to the presentation of data. As well as
the transmedia narrative and interactive visualizations, indicates E7.
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In line with this, E9 reminds us that journalism now competes with Netix, HBO, or Amazon Prime Video, and that “people
take their phone and look for entertainment, so that data journalism, along with new narratives, will allow oering more
attractive stories”.
Data journalism transcends the work in communication media. e experts point out that data analysts are becoming more
valued in corporate journalism, where the communicators must know how to provide information about a company and create
storytelling
for the brand, and in the communication consultancies as well, where the mastery of exploitation and visualization
of data tools is much appreciated (E9 and E10).
For the experts, the basic skills of a journalist must be joined to other more technical know-how such as access to publicly-
available information, the functioning of databases, downloading and processing, optimized searches in Google, the use of
visualization tools, and knowledge on the principles of graphic design,
scraping
, or
big data
. Likewise, although everyone
believes that technology is eeting, and that new tools emerge daily, they indicate that communication media outlets value,
when hiring a journalist, a professional who has skills in the management of digital tools related to data journalism, and
that imply actions such as: exploitation of databases (most of them point to Excel as the starting point, or OpenRene), data
analysis, and visualization tools (Tableau, After Eects, Flourish, or Infogram), and verication (Invid, Hotsuite, Crowd Anger).
With respect to the commitment of the media, all of them coincide that the health crisis due to COVID-19 was a turning
point. e public needed to understand the information, and the data journalist specialization demonstrated its value. E10
exemplies it with this comment: Readers understood what a basic health area was in Madrid, and were able to know the
incidence (of the disease) in the municipality”.
E4 completes this topic, and details that the interest and development of the specialization was due “as a consequence of
the explosion in data, through the dierent channels that oered information, from the ministry and up to the autonomous
communities”. For this, “the media outlets were forced to look more seriously into the management of data, to provide daily
information on the evolution of the impact of the pandemic”.
As for the re-organization of the newsrooms, all of them coincided in that the number of data journalists hired for this role is
still low, and that when looking at these numbers, we cannot discuss an adjustment in work processes. However, we are starting
to see the hybridization of the newsrooms, now composed by dierent proles of journalists, as they share their workspace
with programmers or designers.
Aside from the integration of technical teams, E11 provides an example from the English-speaking press, which is starting to
hire “geographers or cartographers, and of course,
data scientists
”. “In the end, the journalist becomes a
product manager
, as it
is he or she who knows all the approaches, the journalistic stories”, explains, “and the integrated teams are the ones who show
the most resources”.
e reection by E2 is very interesting, as it refers to the slowing down of the evolution of data journalism in Spain, given
the diculty in nding prepared professionals. “e current supply of this type of specialist is still scarce, specically by the
technical components needed, as there is still a dichotomy in the journalism world between letters and sciences, and in this
new environment, communicators must utilize and manage numbers”. E10 adds another diculty, the lack of investment in
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technology: “Technology and specic programs form part of the management of resources when implementing or increasing
the areas of data”.
3.2. Areas of data professionals in leading international media
roughout the
focus groups
, the twelve journalists consulted pointed out that English-speaking media clearly led the
development of data journalism in communication media worldwide. e examples of the United States and the United
Kingdom were mentioned, and especially the examples of
e Washington Post
,
e New York Times
and
e Guardian
,
respectively, so that it is interesting to count with the direct intervention of experts from these outlets.
In fact, E11 even arms that in Spain, “the media outlets that are truly committing to the visualization and analysis of data, and
that also promote the creation of interactive reports, are following the trail of these international media”.
In both markets, United States and United Kingdom, the professionals conrm that the newsrooms have their own data
management teams, normally divided into two sub-areas: data, and graphics.
On the other hand, although international journalists point to specic proles that are already developed, and which have
a consolidated designation (data editors, data analyst, statistical journalist, expert in creation and use of polls, developer or
designer journalists, among the most sought”, they coincide with the Spanish ones in the three great areas of activity: proles
associated to investigative journalism, fact-check professionals, and data journalists, who come from the areas of infographics,
and who are visual artists.
In the case of the
Washington Post
, the area that is rapidly growing is graphics. e interviewee, Chiqui Esteban, has a Journalism
degree from the University of Navarre, and currently directs the graphical department of this prestigious journal with a team of
forty people under his management. He was previously associated with
National Geographic
and
e Boston Globe
, the latter
being the media outlet in which he obtained the Pulitzer Prize and the Online Journalism Award for his coverage of the Boston
bombing.
He conrms that despite having two dierentiated teams, collaboration is frequent between
Data
and
Graphics
, and that “data
are also collected from the latter to create their own stories”. e graphics part is increasingly growing because “the medium is
very clear in that everything that can be done graphically will be done”. “e main stories add graphics and annotations; a lot
of emphasis is placed on nding dierentiated formats, creating pieces that are durable”, he ensures.
Esteban explained that since 2020, data journalism has gained more importance in his media outlet, and that the naming of
Meghan Hoyer as data journalism director of the newspaper was very relevant. Her rst act was to develop methodologies
and workows between the numerous journalists in the newsroom who were data specialists for developing investigative
journalism, visual narrations, and reports centered on data.
e journalist details, as other experts who work in Spain anticipated, that in their medium, although data is present in “their
day-to-day”, a commitment was made for “the forecasting of original topics”. “Our stories, the fast ones, take three to four days,
and for others, we can work on it between one or two weeks. And, although we cover the news cycle, it doesn’t have to be
necessarily the same day”.
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He also explains how, when dealing with elaborate pieces, the organization of work is multidisciplinary, because experts from
dierent elds are needed, underlining that hybrid teams are adequate for creating data-based departments. “For the large
research projects, we count on dierent journalists; in the end, many of the articles are written by three or four authors”, he
points out.
When a new team member must be hired, they evaluate certain skills. “It is indispensable, at least, to master spreadsheets,
aside from the use of visualization tools”. Among the tools, he names Tableau, Flourish, or Datawrapper, “which do not require
programming, although they have a learning curve”. “If, in addition, we add code management skills (programming), or
web
scraping
to search the web, the prole is complete”.
In any case, he comments that in
e Washington Post
, the department is large, that “we don’t have to demand all of these skills
from one person”. Nevertheless, he underlines a vital condition that asks for reection: in this journal, there is a
sine qua non
that all of them be journalists. “ey work in a media outlet, they will develop an article, and they have to ask the correct and
adequate questions”, he reveals.
In the case of
e Guardian
, it must be underlined that in the
focus group
, it was remembered how Sept 11
th
was crucial for the
development of a data department in this media outlet, and that Simon Rogers, data editor, still states, 10 years after, that the
attack showed them that stories could be told not only through words, but also graphics, in a visual manner.
For Pablo Gutiérrez,
Visual Artist-Journalism
at
e Guardian
, education and specialization in data “without a doubt” improves
the employability of the journalist at present. Although educated at the Complutense University of Madrid in the eld of arts,
he has always worked, however, in communication; rst, in the creation of interactive graphics, and infographics at
El Mundo
,
and since 2013, in international media such as the BBC before incorporating to his current media outlet in 2015.
In the British newspaper, the data and graphics departments are also independent: “ey are separated, but we tend to
establish some collaborations during the year depending on the story, if it can be explained visually”.
In his case, he is specialized in visually narrating these stories when a dynamic or interactive component is needed. “My work
is generally related with the use of cartography,
storytelling
, and data visualization”, he says, when explaining that in the
Visuals
Department, the professional proles “are very diverse”
.
“ey come from degrees in Journalism, Politics, Programming,
Design, and Arts”, he species, as opposed to the American medium analyzed. Also, very specic specialists are hired within
the visuals part, such as experts in “Git, Java Script (JS), AWS, Lambdas,
D3.js
, Geographical Information System
(GIS), design
tools, and 3D or back-end and front-end programming”.
In fact, he highlights that these latter proles are the most dicult to nd, and that it is “strange to nd a hybrid professional
between development, journalism, and design”.
4. Discussion and conclusions
Data journalism has become one of the most important components of information reporting in the last few years, but its
evolution has not advanced at the same pace in Spain as in the English-speaking world. e professionals consulted detected
important progress in specic media, corporations, and entities in Spain, but identied two circumstances that stop its
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development: the lack of qualied professionals-further extending what was already discussed by Cherubini et al. (2021) and
Newman (2022), and the insucient investment by news agencies.
In Spain, there are specic academic degrees to teach skills to future data journalists, especially at the graduate level, but
most of the degrees, especially those that are ocial, have only been implemented in the last few years. Specic Spanish
media outlets have added important professionals to their sta, who have become leaders in Spain. However, most of the
newsrooms have not received the investment necessary, neither the personnel nor the infrastructures, to be able to create a
team specialized on data and permanently focused on this type of work.
ose consulted coincided in that the health crisis due to COVID-19 was a turning point, as the public needed to understand
the information, and data journalism demonstrated its value. ese results are in agreement with the results from recent
reports, such as that published by the Reuters Institute, or the ONTS. Likewise, they demand the application of data journalism
not only in the present, considering that the use of techniques from this discipline to other, more relaxed genres, such as
reports, would enable journalists to seduce a broader audience, and stress the necessary professionalization of the work, as in
leading English-speaking media.
e surge of data, for which the context of the pandemic was a major boost, accelerated processes that had a great impact on
the functioning of newsrooms, where the teams have an increasingly marked multidisciplinary and technical character. In this
sense, our study aligns with those by Salaverría-Aliaga and Martínez-Costa (2021), Gómez-Calderón et al., (2017), Heredero-
Díaz and Reyes-Sánchez (2016), Manfredi-Sánchez et al., (2019) and González-Alba (2022).
e new professional proles are associated with three areas that are particularly ourishing: visualization, fact-checking,
and investigative journalism. e rise of the rst was pointed out by López-García et al. (2016), among others, while Cerezo-
Gilarranz (2020) highlighted the second.
But also, journalists participate in the objective of creating transmedia stories, with a notable audiovisual component, creating
attractive stories that capture the attention of the audience. us, the prole of the audiovisual producer specialized in data
becomes settled, along with the expert in new narratives, who adds trends in interactivity, gamication, and videogames. e
areas of development are completed by the specialist on AI applied to journalism, who increases the speed of the work of the
fact-checkers.
e professionals believe that the application of data will increase in
podcasts
and videos, and that the transmedia narrative
and interactive visualizations of information can contribute towards journalism, which is also an agent of entertainment,
being able to compete with the great global platforms, which are coming closer to non-ctional contents.
In the Spanish media, employability increases for journalists with skills on data mining, data analysis, fact-checking of content,
and creation of infographics. And with the addition of knowledge on programming or statistics, we nd ourselves with a highly
qualied prole.
In the English-speaking media consulted, the teams who worked with data were numerous, and the journalist habitually
interacted with experts in informatics, Articial Intelligence, design, or mathematics. In general, they were organized into
two interconnected departments: data and graphics, with a higher growth observed in the latter. e teams worked on quality
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pieces, beyond the immediacy dictated by the news, with many days spent on signicant pieces, which follow the maxims of
quality journalism.
In the international media referenced, it was observed that in integrated teams, the journalist starts to become a
product
manager
, coordinating the functions of the dierent professionals, as he or she knows the focus that the story must follow, and
the characteristics of the audience.
e prole proles associated with programming are the most demanded, as these are professionals who are currently in
high demand in many spheres. us, the talents associated with the exploitation and interpretation of data broaden their
employment possibilities, and the oers are not only centered on media, but the ability to provide data for making decisions is
a guarantee for success in any sphere.
erefore, data journalism is consolidated within the media ecosystem, as a very interesting aspect, which oers new options
for professional development, and with an essential role in a society that is facing severe challenges such as disinformation,
where the massive verication of data emerges as an indispensable task for media, agencies, and independent entities.
5. Acknowledgements
e present article was translated by Mario Fon, whom I thank for his work.
Sincere thanks to all the data journalism professionals in Spain and other countries, who have generously shared their
experience and knowledge to the authors of the present study.
6. Specic contributions by each author
Name and surname
Conception and design of the workMarta Saavedra, Mercedes Herrero and Eduardo Castillo
Methodology
Marta Saavedra
Data collection and analysisMarta Saavedra, Mercedes Herrero
and
Eduardo Castillo
Discussion and ConclusionsMercedes Herrero
Drafting, formatting, review and approval of the dierent versionsMarta Saavedra, Mercedes Herrero
and
Eduardo Castillo
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July-December of 2023
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