Participation on Twitter (X) after the death of Verónica Forque and Alex
Casademunt
Participación en Twitter (X) tras el fallecimiento de Verónica Forqué y Álex
Casademunt
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| 131
January-June of 2025
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
Olivar-Julián, F. J.; Díaz-Campo, J. and Segado-Boj, F. (2025). Participation on Twitter (X) after the death of Verónica Forque and Alex
Casademunt.
Doxa Comunicación
, 40, pp. 131-149.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n40a2139
Francisco Javier Olivar-Julián.
Lecturer (International University of La Rioja). One six-year research period recognised
by the Spanish National Commission for the Evaluation of Research Activity (CNEAI). Member of the research
group “Communication and Digital Society” (COYSODI). Pre-doctoral Excellence Scholarship. Postdoctorate in
Communication (University of Navarra). Expert for the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG). Creator
of a Utility Model granted by the Spanish Patent and Trademark Oce (OPEM).
International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0002-2030-2458
Jesús Díaz-Campo.
Bachelor’s degree and
P.hD
in Journalism from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM).
Director of Research and Senior Lecturer at the International University of La Rioja (UNIR). Accredited by ANECA as a
Senior Lecturer. Holds a six-year research period (CNEAI). Director of the research group “Communication and Digital
Society” (COYSODI).
International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0001-5014-8749
Francisco Segado-Boj.
Lecturer (Complutense University of Madrid). PhD in Communication (Complutense
University of Madrid). Co-director of the Research Group “History and Structure of Communication and Entertainment”,
Department of Journalism and Global Communication – Faculty of Information Sciences.
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0001-7750-3755
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License CC BY-NC 4.0
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1. Introduction
ere are numerous research studies on user engagement on social networks. ese studies address topics related to the business
sphere (Cuervo-Carabel, Arce-García and Orviz-Martínez, 2022), political communication (Castanho Silva and Proksch, 2022),
medicine (Burgess
et al
., 2022), including studies on COVID-19 (Xie and Liu, 2022), as well as research on communication about
mental health (Kelley and Gillan, 2022) and trac accidents (Suat-Rojas, Gutierrez-Osorio and Pedraza, 2022).
However, despite specic studies addressing suicide on Twitter, now known as X (Durán-Mañes
et al
., 2023), or on suicide involving
famous victims (Müller, 2011), no research to date has been found that examines all these variables concurrently, including trac
accidents, as is undertaken exclusively in this research.
Additionally, there is research on the media impact of news concerning suicides and trac accidents- along with accidental falls
and drownings- in the Spanish digital press (Olivar-Julián, Segado-Boj and Díaz-Campo, 2022a; Olivar-Julián, Segado-Boj and
Díaz-Campo, 2022b). ese studies highlight disparities in media coverage of these causes of death, highlighting an excess of news
related to trac accidents and signicant news silence concerning suicides.
Similarly, there exist studies analysing trac accidents and suicides among young people (Olivar-Julián, Díaz-Campo, 2020;
Scoureld
et al
., 2019), but a comparative study examining social conversation on Twitter (X) following the deaths of two similarly
Received: 31/10/2023 - Accepted: 25/04/2024 - Early access: 04/07/2024 - Published: 01/01/2025
Recibido: 31/10/2023- Aceptado: 25/04/2024- En edición: 04/07/2024 - Publicado: 01/01/2025
Abstract:
is study analyses the participation on Twitter (X) during the 15
days following the deaths of Veronica Forque (suicide) and Alex
Casademunt (trac accident). e primary objective of the study is to
compare the reactions generated on Twitter (X) to the suicide versus
the trac accident of a famous person. To achieve this, the Application
Programming Interface Tweet Downloader was used to download
batches of tweets (posts) corresponding to each period. Pearson's
chi-square test was utilised to identify dierences in the messages.
Additionally, a content analysis was conducted on a sample of the
retrieved tweets (n=621), in which various variables were measured.
e results indicate that despite both victims being similarly well-
known to the public, Twitter (X) activity was higher in the case of
Veronica Forque than in the case of Alex Casademunt. Furthermore,
the topic of suicide prompted discussions about guilt (internal and
external), preventive measures, and their perceived usefulness
compared to the trac accident, which elicited more expressions of
emotions and mentions of the cause of death.
Keywords:
Twitter (X); suicide; trac accident; Veronica Forque; Alex
Casademunt.
Resumen:
Este estudio analiza la participación en Twitter (X) durante los 15 días
siguientes a los fallecimientos de Verónica Forqué (suicidio) y Álex Ca
-
sademunt (accidente de tráco). El principal objetivo del estudio es
comparar las reacciones generadas en Twitter (X) ante un suicidio y
un accidente de tráco de una persona famosa. Para ello, se ha utili
-
zado la Interfaz de Programación de Aplicaciones Tweet Downloader
desde donde se han descargado los lotes de tuits (post) correspondientes
a cada periodo. Se ha utilizado la prueba de chi cuadrado de Pearson
para identicar diferencias en los mensajes. También se ha llevado a
cabo un análisis de contenido sobre la muestra de tuits recuperados
(n=621), donde se han medido diferentes variables. Los resultados in
-
dican que, a pesar de que ambas víctimas son personajes similarmente
conocidos por el público, la participación en Twitter (X) ha sido mayor
en el caso de Verónica Forqué que en el caso de Álex Casademunt y que
el motivo de suicidio se presta a comentar la culpabilidad (interna y ex
-
terna), el enfoque preventivo y la utilidad frente al accidente de tráco,
en donde se observa una mayor expresión de la emotividad y la mención
de la causa de la muerte.
Palabras clave:
Twitter (X); suicidio; accidente de tráco; Verónica Forqué; Álex
Casademunt.
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famous individuals in the same year, with a very similar number of selected tweets (currently posts) in the sample (321 about
Verónica Forqué and 300 about Álex Casademunt) has not yet been undertaken. Such a study will allow for an analysis of the
communication dierences detected between dierent causes of death (suicide and trac accidents).
erefore, the novelty of this study lies in its potential to compare results obtained with those of previous studies analysing the
media coverage of these causes in Spanish digital press. is adds a higher degree of innovation and originality to this research,
particularly in the context of examining the impact and social media reactions surrounding two celebrities who signicantly
inuence media coverage.
From all this, it can be inferred that the primary objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the societal impact of both
events via the social network Twitter (X) and, more specically, to analyse the various variables that provide information about
user behaviour on this social platform.
In other words, this study will compare the number of tweets containing the victims’ full names, analyse mentions of the victims,
along with the presence of hashtags, emotionality, and sensationalist features to assess user behaviour on Twitter (X) in their
messages following the deaths of Álex Casademunt
(
due to a trac accident) and Verónica Forqué (by suicide). erefore, our
objective is not to directly compare a trac accident with a suicide but rather to measure the impact of these fatal events on Twitter
(X), considering victims of similar popularity.
1.1. Suicides and trac accidents
From 2010 to 2020 (both years inclusive), suicides constituted the leading cause of non-natural deaths in Spain (39,658 fatalities),
while trac accidents (20,960 fatalities) ranked fourth (after accidental falls and drownings) in the ranking of deaths from external
causes (INE, 2023).
It is estimated that around 700,000 people worldwide die by suicide each year (WHO, 2023), and the number of deaths by suicide
in Spain in 2020 was 3,941 (INE, 2023).
On the other hand, approximately 1, 300, 000 people die each year worldwide due to trac accidents (WHO, 2022), while the
number of fatalities from trac accidents in Spain (in 2020) was 1,463 deaths (INE, 2023).
ese gures reveal a higher incidence of fatalities from trac accidents globally, whereas, in Spain, the mortality rate from suicide
is notably higher than from trac accidents.
While trac accidents have been widely covered in the media, this is not the case for suicides, which have been deliberately
silenced to prevent a contagion eect –Werther eect– (Donovan and Boyd, 2021)lo que los medios de comunicación deciden
no cubrir puede ser tan signicativo como lo que cubren. En este artículo, examinamos la producción histórica del silencio en el
periodismo para comprender mejor el papel que juega la amplicación en las prácticas de moderación editorial y de contenido
de los medios de comunicación y las plataformas de redes sociales actuales. A través de la lente del silencio estratégico (es decir,
el uso de la discreción editorial para el bien público. On the other hand, there are professional recommendations advocating for
responsible discussion of suicide to obtain a preventive eect –the Papageno eect– (Durán and Fernández-Beltrán, 2020). ese
recommendations argue against systematically silencing this reality, highlighting a contrast with the current editorial discretion
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intended to promote public welfare. is theory is based on a shift from strategic silence to a new editorial approach of “strategic
amplication”, requiring media organisations and platform companies to develop and implement best practices ensuring
responsibility and accountability in news content production and the algorithmic systems that disseminate it (Donovan and Boyd,
2021)lo que los medios de comunicación deciden no cubrir puede ser tan signicativo como lo que cubren. En este artículo,
examinamos la producción histórica del silencio en el periodismo para comprender mejor el papel que juega la amplicación en
las prácticas de moderación editorial y de contenido de los medios de comunicación y las plataformas de redes sociales actuales.
A través de la lente del silencio estratégico (es decir, el uso de la discreción editorial para el bien público.
e quality of news (dened as convergence with WHO recommendations for journalistic reporting on suicide) is particularly
signicant in this context since low-quality reporting can lead to suicides through the contagion eect. In contrast, high-quality
news reporting can save lives. ese ndings stem from data from a recent study providing a theoretically signicant discovery
related to the underlying mechanism of suicide prevention, called the
“
dampening-the-spikes hypothesis
”
(Arendt, Markiewitz
and Scherr, 2022). is evidence on the importance of quality news reporting has prompted media professionals to advocate for a
new type of journalism aligned with constructive and solution-oriented reporting (Lough and McIntyre, 2021).
Regarding Twitter (X), no evidence that posting tweets about suicides trigger a contagion eect has been found (Sinyor
et al
.,
2021)few have explored suicide-related social media events and their potential relationship to suicide deaths. Aims: To determine
whether Twitter events were associated with changes in subsequent suicides. Methods: Suicide-related Twitter events that
garnered at least 100 tweets originating in Ontario, Canada (July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016. ese messages have even been observed
to focus on raising awareness, making this social network a constructive space for sharing preventive resources (Spates, Ye and
Johnson, 2020).
It is also relevant to note that Twitter (X) has software capabilities that enable automated analysis of sentiments and emotions
(Korani and Mouhoub, 2020), lexical usage (Sarsam
et al.
, 2021), hate speech (Arce-García, Díaz-Campo and Cambronero-Saiz,
2023). It also facilitates the identication of temporal patterns of suicide, which can serve as valid mechanisms for detecting and
intervening in suicide online on a broad scale (Luo
et al.
, 2020).
1.2. Twitter (X) as a social network
Social media platforms have become public spaces where users freely share personal opinions, exchange ideas, and promote social
mobilisation (De Maio and Shae Rodriguez, 2022). is participation is facilitated by user-friendly interfaces, immediacy, and the
opportunity to interact with public gures, media actors, and other citizens (Suau-Gomila
et al.,
2017).
Twitter (X) stands out among these platforms as one of the most widely used globally (Babvey, 2021; Elliott-Maksymowicz, Nikolaev
and Porpora, 2021; Kircova, 2021) and in Spain, it ranks among the most widely used alongside Facebook (Sánchez Conde, 2022).
Currently, Twitter boasts 309 million active users worldwide (Bukhari
et al.
, 2021) and 4.2 million users in Spain (Statista, 2022).
Comparative studies on the commercial use of social media in Spain indicate that Twitter (X), Facebook, and Instagram rank
among the top three platforms, surpassing other signicant networks such as YouTube, WhatsApp or LinkedIn (see Figure 1).
Moreover, media outlets’ use of Twitter (X) to cultivate a community among their followers indicates this social network’s
importance. is data, coupled with the ability to use retweets (now referred to as “Re posts), mentions, or hashtags, further
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enhance its utility and the concept of transparency, a widely accepted norm in digital journalism (Van der Wur and Schönbach,
2011). Above all, these features represent new ways to forge connections and foster community (Durán-Mañes, 2023).
Figure 1. Ranking of commercial use of Social Networks in Spain in 2022
Source: Acebes and Montanera, 2022
2. Method
In this study, tweets from Twitter (X) related to two famous individuals, Verónica Forqué Vázquez-Vigo (@veronicaforque),
a Spanish actress and director who received four Goya awards and Alejandro (Álex) Casademunt i González (@alex_casad), a
Spanish pop singer, actor and television presenter, both deceased in the same year (2021) are analysed. eir successful careers
and achievements in the entertainment and performing arts industries indicate comparable levels of fame and recognition.
e similar number of tweets recorded in this study for both individuals also indicates a similar level of fame and popularity,
thereby justifying their comparison.
Verónica Forqué died by suicide on 13 December 20221 in Madrid (
El País
, 2021a) while Álex Casademunt died in a trac accident
on 2 March of the same year in Mataró –Barcelona– (
El País
, 2021b).
Following her death, the actress’s Twitter (X) account was suspended, making it impossible to retrieve her number of followers
(Twitter, 2022b). In contrast, the singer Álex Casademunt’s account remains active and has 58,200 followers (Twitter, 2022a).
is study analysed tweets about these two famous individuals during the 15 days following their deaths. e objective was to
observe dierent user behaviours in their posts, considering that social media has become a tool for disseminating emotional
messages and oensive, insulting, or hateful opinions (eng
et al
., 2021).
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Twitter’s (X) Application Programming Interface (API) Tweet Downloader was used with academic research access to Twitter’s API
v2 to obtain tweets referencing the individuals studied. is tool has been used in recent studies (Kumari et al.
,
2024).
e search process involved entering «Veronica Forque» (without accents or Boolean operators) between 13 December 2021 (12:00
PM. UTC) and 28 December 2021 (12:00PM. UTC) and «Alex Casademunt» from March 2 2021 (12:00PM. UTC Time) to 17 March
2021 (12:00 PM. UTC). ese time intervals encompassed the 15 days following each individual’s death.
e initial search yielded 168, 951 tweets for Verónica Forqué and 57,554 tweets for Álex Casademunt. is volume of information
was deemed unmanageable for this study. Consequently, only “veried” tweets were considered (using the “veried tweets” lter).
Additionally, the search process included applying lters for “with mentions”, capturing only tweets mentioning @veronicaforque
and @alex_casad. Another search was ltered using “with hashtags”.
is process led to the downloading of several batches of tweets for each individual/period. e CSV les obtained from Twitter
(X) API Twitter Download were subsequently converted into Excel les. Results from the three search types for each individual
were consolidated into a single le. Duplicates, blank text entries, entries lacking date references, or containing other errors were
removed. is resulted in 1,713 tweets about Verónica Forqué and 1,175 tweets about Álex Casademunt. A stratied random
sampling approach was applied to these Tweet sets to achieve a 95% condence interval and a 5% margin of error. is yielded 300
tweets about Álex Casademunt (AC) and 321 tweets about Verónica Forqué (VF).
To facilitate visual comparison of the previously presented data, a summary table has been created to consolidate all information
from this process (see Table 1).
Table 1. e number of posted tweets downloaded, debugged and selected
File name
Posted
tweets
Downloaded
tweets
Debugged
tweets
Tweets selected
as a sample
VF + veried
4,3677,654
1,713321
VF + veried + mentions
1,4552,916
VF + veried +
hashtag
s9521,864
AC + veried
2,1593,079
1,175300
AC + veried + mentions
443733
AC + veried +
hashtags
509811
Source: created by the authors
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e information retrieved via Twitter’s (X) API encompassed the following expansions and elds: «
id, text, created_at, author_id,
in_reply_to_user_id, lang, author, entities, referenced tweets, media y geo
», corresponding to the terms «identication, tweet text,
created_at_author_id, in_reply_to_user_id, lang, author, entities, refrenced_tweets, media, and geo».
e analysis sheet is composed of a set of variables selected from previous studies (Arafat
et al
., 2022the quality of news reporting
of suicide has not been assessed in Iran adequately specially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim: e study aimed to evaluate the
quality of online news reporting of suicidal behavior in Iran against the World Health Organization (WHO; Olivar-Julián
et al
., 2022;
Singh
et al
., 2022; ienel
et al
., 2019) and includes the following elds «Message, Date, No. of Characters, No. of Words, Drugs
(mention of substances that cause addiction), With Hashtag, With Mention, Retweets, Preventive focus (whether alternatives that
could have prevented the incident are presented), Sensationalism (whether WHO recommendations for suicide news reporting
are breached, irrelevant data that demean the news or details of the injuries or the event itself cross the threshold of the descriptive)
Emotionality (appeal to feelings), Mention of Cause (reference to the cause or reason for the suicide or accident), Gender, Age,
Collectives, Internal Blame (the victim’s own), External blame (anyone other than the victim), Conict (situation where two or
more people with dierent interests confront each other), Unusual (situation that exceeds the normality of the event itself, Utility,
Humour and Sexuality».
In the case of the preventive focus, messages proposing preventive measures or suggesting ideas preventing such incidents’
recurrence were considered. For the conict variable, instances causing discomfort due to comments or behaviours of third parties
were evaluated, such as the case of the Master Chef programme in the tweets about Verónica Forqué or from specic journalists in
those about Álex Casademunt.
Regarding the presence of sensationalist features, the methodology used in comparable studies (Bazaco, Redondo and Sánchez-
García, 2019; Laroche
et al.
, 2014) has been taken into account, informed by guidelines from the World Health Organisation (WHO)
concerning the detection of sensationalism in reporting on suicides (Artiles, Rodríguez-Caro and Méndez, 2002). Based on these
data, a content analysis was conducted on a sample of retrieved tweets (n=625).
Intercoder reliability was determined through a pretest of 100 tweets (50 from each analysed account, selected randomly) coded
by two of the study’s authors. e results (Cohen’s Kappa) value of 1 (perfect) for all variables except for «sensationalism», which
achieved a value of 0.94 (almost perfect). For the statistical analysis, frequency calculations were performed to determine the
presence and absence of each variable in tweets related to Álex Casademunt and Verónica Forqué. Pearson’s chi-square test of
association was employed to identify specic dierences in the characteristics of messages mentioning each account. is test
compares the observed frequency of particular variables (in this case, the presence of specic message characteristics) with a
purely probabilistic distribution that corresponds to a directly proportional allocation. erefore, the tests allow us to determine
whether the number of messages exhibiting a particular characteristic in each group is higher or lower than would be expected,
indicating whether there is a greater tendency to observe specic characteristics in each group.
is test provides us with two values: the chi-square and the p-value. e larger the rst and the smaller the second, the less likely
it is that the observed distribution occurred by error. e p-value can be interpreted approximately as the probability that such a
distribution could occur purely by chance (for instance, a value of 0.05 suggests that such a distribution could occur 5% of the time).
e standard signicance threshold of p equal to or less than 0.05 was applied. Cases below this value show a signicant dierence
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in the presence of a particular trait in the tweets about Álex Casademunt and those referring to Verónica Forqué. is means that
there is a tendency for a specic set of messages to more frequently exhibit a particular characteristic.
is approach will allow us to evaluate how Twitter (X) users behave in their posts following the death of two highly popular
individuals who have lost their lives due to markedly dierent causes (a trac accident and suicide).
3. Results
3.1 Descriptives
e most prevalent feature in the analysed messages was sensationalism, followed by emotionality, conict and mention of the
cause of death and in contrast, humour, preventive focus, utility, mention of collectives, sexuality and drugs exhibited minimal
presence.
A summary table of the aforementioned results has been created, showing both the frequency of these variables in the studied
news and their corresponding percentages (see Table 2).
Table 2. Frequency and percentages of the characteristics observed
CharacteristicsN.º%
Sensationalism16326.2
Emotionality13020.9
Conict11618.7
Mention of cause
9715.6
Age508.1
External
blame315.0
Internal
blame132.1
Humour111.8
Preventive focus
101.6
Utility81.3
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Collectives30.5
Sexuality10.2
Drugs00.0
Mention of gender
00.0
Unusual00.0
Source: created by the authors
e disaggregated data for each individual reveals a greater presence of emotionality, mentions of the cause of death, and reference
to the age in the case of Álex Casademunt (AC). Conversely, tweets about Verónica Forqué (VF) demonstrate a higher percentage
of internal blame, external blame, utility and humour, albeit with relatively lower values (see Table 3).
Table 3. Frequencies and percentages of observed characteristics disaggregated
ACVF
N.º%N.º%
Preventive focus
00.0103.1
Sensationalism8528.37824.3
Emotionality8929.74112.8
Mention of cause
6020.03711.5
Age3712.3134.0
Collectives10.320.6
Internal blame
10.3123.7
External blame
20.7299.0
Conict4916.36720.9
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Utility00.082.5
Humour00.0113.4
Source: created by the authors
An analysis of all the data gathered from the tweets about Verónica Forqué reveals the presence of variables such as preventive
focus (3.12%), utility 2.49%) and humour(3.43%), which do not show any activity in the case of Álex Casademunt. ese results
obtained from the tweets about Verónica Forqué become even more prominent when considering messages that mention and
directly appeal to the user (preventive focus 5.33%, utility 5,33% and humour 6.67%).
In tweets about Verónica Forqué, higher values of internal blame (3.78%), external blame (9.03%) and conict (20.87%) were
recorded, with internal blame slightly higher (5.88%) when those tweets included hashtags.
Concerning the conict, the overall percentage of tweets about Verónica Forqué remained consistent (20.87%) when including a
hashtag (19.61%) or mentioning a user (22.67%). However, for Álex Casademunt, the general data (16.33%) rose to 21.95% when
hashtags were used and decreased to 14.08% when a user was mentioned.
Regarding emotionality, the results indicate a higher presence of this variable in Álex Casademunt’s tweets (29.67%) compared to
Verónica Forqué (12.77%).
e analysis reveals signicant levels of sensationalism in tweets related to both Álex Casademunt (28.33%) and Verónica Forqué
(24.30%), with an even higher occurrence of this variable in the tweets that include a mention (Álex Casademunt: 33.80%, Verónica
Forqué: 29,33%).
On the other hand, for Álex Casademunt (AC), the mention of the cause of his accident is present in 20% of the tweets, increasing
to 26.83% when accompanied by a hashtag but decreasing to 11.27% when a specic user is mentioned.
In Verónica Forqué’s case (VF), her cause of death is mentioned in 11.53% of the messages, which remains similar when a user is
mentioned (12%) but signicantly lower when a hashtag is included (3.92%).
Table 4 below summarises these results, indicating the presence of each variable in percentages.
Table 4. Percentage proportion of the observed characteristics
Feature
VF
Total
AC
Total
VF
Hashtag
AC
Hashtag
VF
Mention
AC
Mention
Preventive focus o
3.120.000.000.005.330.00
Utility2.490.00
0.000.005.330.00
Humour3.430.00
1.960.006.670.00
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Sex0.310.00
1.960.001.330.00
Sensationalism24.3028.33
13.7319.5129.3333.80
Emotionality12.7729.67
17.6521.9513.3322.54
Mention of cause
11.5320.00
3.9226.8312.0011.27
Internal
blame3.780.33
5.880.001.330.00
External blame
9.030.67
7.842.4410.670.00
Conict20.8716.33
19.6121.9522.6714.08
Source: created by the authors
3.2. Results of the chi-square
e chi-square test conrms the comparisons identied in Table 3. is test did not identify signicant relationships between the
analysed cases and the presence of sensationalism
χ
²(1, N=621)=1.30, p=.254- or conict: -
χ
²(1, N=621)=2.10, p=.147-.
On the contrary, the results were positive when testing the relationship between the cases and the presence of emotionality -
χ
²(1,
N=621)=26.7, p<,001-, a specic mention of the cause of death
χ
²(1, N=621)=8.45, p=.004-, a reference to the victim’s age: -
χ
²(1,
N=621)=14.4, p<.001-, mention of internal blame: -
χ
²(1, N=621)=8.77, p=.003-, external blame: -
χ
²(1, N=621)=22.9, p<.001-, the
adoption of a preventive focus: -
χ
²(1, N=621)=9.50, p=.002-, the presence of utility: -
χ
²(1, N=621)=7.57, p=.006- and humour: -
χ
²(1,
N=621)=10.5, p=.001-
e tweets about Álex Casademunt included emotive features, mentioning the cause of death and his age on more occasions
than would be expected in a proportional distribution. Regarding Verónica Forqué, in comparison, a greater tendency has been
identied for the tweets to mention responsibility (external and internal), adopt a preventive focus, and exhibit features of utility
and humour (see Table 5).
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Table 5. Distribution of the frequencies observed and expected by case
Presence of emotionality
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed21189
Expected
23762.8
Verónica Forqué
Observed28041
Expected25467.2
Mention of the cause of death
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed24060
Expected25346.9
Verónica Forqué
Observed28437
Expected27150.1
Mention of the victim’s age
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed26337
Expected27624.2
Verónica Forqué
Observed30813
Expected29525.8
Mention of internal responsibility
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed2991
Expected2946.28
Verónica Forqué
Observed30912
Expected3146.72
Mention of external responsibility
YesNo
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Alex Casademunt
Observed2982
Expected28515.0
Verónica Forqué
Observed29229
Expected30516.0
Mention of preventive focus
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed3000
Expected2954.83
Verónica Forqué
Observed31110
Expected3165.7
Mention of utility
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observed3000
Expected2963.86
Verónica Forqué
Observed3138
Expected3174.14
Humour
YesNo
Alex Casademunt
Observado3000
Expected2955.31
Verónica Forqué
Observado31011
Expected3155.69
Source: created by the authors
4. Discussion
Despite trac accidents generally receiving more media coverage than suicides to avoid a contagion eect (Werther eect)
(Donovan and Boyd, 2021)lo que los medios de comunicación deciden no cubrir puede ser tan signicativo como lo que cubren.
En este artículo, examinamos la producción histórica del silencio en el periodismo para comprender mejor el papel que juega la
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amplicación en las prácticas de moderación editorial y de contenido de los medios de comunicación y las plataformas de redes
sociales actuales. A través de la lente del silencio estratégico (es decir, el uso de la discreción editorial para el bien público, on the
social network Twitter (X), there were more tweets related to the suicide of Verónica Forqué compared to the trac accident of
Álex Casademunt. is trend was observed in both the raw data obtained before the nal sample selection and in the nal net data.
is result contrasts with other ndings from studies on digital media news events, indicating greater coverage for trac accidents
than suicides (Olivar-Julián, Segado-Boj and Díaz-Campo, 2022). Moreover, it is on social media where there is stronger adherence
to professional recommendations advocating responsible discussions about suicide to achieve preventive eects- the Papageno
eect- and promote utility (Durán and Fernández-Beltrán, 2020). is is evidenced in the results of this study, showing a greater
emphasis on prevention and utility in tweets about the suicide (Verónica Forqué) compared to those about the trac accident
(Álex Casademunt).
is data is signicant because the media behave very dierently and do not usually adhere to the recommendations for journalism
professionals by the WHO (Olivar-Julián, Segado-Boj and Díaz-Campo, 2022).
An example of this is the COPOE statement on the media coverage of Verónica Forqué’s suicide, which denounces the irresponsible
reporting of her death by several media outlets (Confederación de Organizaciones de Psicopedagogía y Orientación de España,
2021).
ese contributions are reinforced by the lack of evidence indicating that tweets about suicides can cause a contagion eect (Sinyor
et al
., 2021)few have explored suicide-related social media events and their potential relationship to suicide deaths. Aims: To
determine whether Twitter events were associated with changes in subsequent suicides. Methods: Suicide-related Twitter events
that garnered at least 100 tweets originating in Ontario, Canada (July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016. Moreover, some studies suggest that
the approach of these messages raises awareness and creates a constructive space on social networks where preventive resources
can be shared (Spates, Ye and Johnson, 2020).
is suggests that the media still needs to shift towards constructive and solutions-oriented journalism. is trend has gained
momentum in recent years following a period of self-reection among journalists who have become aware of the negativity often
inherent in news reporting (Lough and McIntyre, 2021; Durán
et al.
, 2023).
Based on this information, new avenues of preventive research on suicide communication via social networks could be developed
using specialised software for text descriptions and language analysis (Rajesh Kumar
et al.
, 2020), sentiment and emotions analysis
(Korani and Mouhoub, 2020), lexicon analysis (Sarsam
et al.
, 2021) and the identication of temporal patterns in suicide that can
be used as eective detection mechanisms and for timely intervention (Luo
et al.
, 2020).
5. Conclusions
e results underscore distinct user behaviour among Twitter (X) users in their posts following the deaths of Álex Casademunt
(due to a trac accident) and Verónica Forqué (by suicide). Messages about Álex Casademunt show a more signicant presence
of emotionality alongside mentions of his age and the cause of his death. Regarding Verónica Forqué, users tend to focus more
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on internal and external attributions of blame for the incident, accompanied by a more preventive approach that emphasises the
utility of the information conveyed. ere are also references to humour related to the actress’s professional life.
Concerning the detection of sensationalist traits, both cases exhibit high levels (Álex Casademunt: 28.30%; Verónica Forqué:
24.30%), possibly because both are famous gures. is result is interesting when juxtaposed with the variable “mention of the
cause” since the WHO advises against mentioning the cause in news coverage of suicide. erefore, the frequent occurrence of this
variable in the study could be considered evidence of sensationalism.
erefore, observing that in the case of Álex Casademunt, the mention of the cause of his accident appeared in 20% of the tweets,
compared to 11.53% for Verónica Forqué, it could be inferred that in the case of Álex Casademunt, this variable was considered
a characteristic of sensationalism (not considered sensationalism in trac accidents). In contrast, it is considered in the case of
Verónica Forqué. Hence, this distinction should be acknowledged to dierentiate the signicance of both variables.
In any case, the ndings of this research encourage further studies on the behaviour of Twitter (X) users regarding their comments
on trac accidents and suicides of famous people in other countries or similar studies that encompass other signicant causes of
mortality, such as accidental falls and drownings.
6. Acknowledgements
is article has been translated into English by Sophie Phillips to whom we are grateful for her work.
7. Specic contributions of each author
Name and Surname
Conception and design of the workFrancisco Javier-Olivar, Jesús Díaz-Campo and Francisco Segado-Boj
Methodology
Francisco Javier-Olivar, Jesús Díaz-Campo and Francisco Segado-Boj
Data collection and analysisFrancisco Javier-Olivar
Discussion and conclusionsFrancisco Javier-Olivar, Jesús Díaz-Campo and Francisco Segado-Boj
Drafting, formatting, version review and
approval
Francisco Javier-Olivar, Jesús Díaz-Campo and Francisco Segado-Boj
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8. Conict of interest
e authors declare that there is no conict of interest contained in this article.
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