Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the
press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
Comunicar la monarquía en el siglo XXI: análisis de los comunicados de prensa
de la Casa Real española y británica (2022)
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
| 59
July-December of 2026
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
López Ortega, A. I. (2027). Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal
House (2022).
Doxa Comunicación
, 43, pp. 59-81.
https//doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.2184
Ana Isabel López Ortega
holds a PhD in Political Science and a degree in Journalism and Political Science from the
University of Valencia. She has held a fellowship at the Higher Center for Scientic Research (CSIC). She has over
15 years of professional experience in university teaching and as a political and parliamentary advisor in various
public oces and institutions. She is currently a lecturer and director of the Master’s Degree in Communication and
Political Marketing at the International University of Valencia. Her main lines of research focus on political com
-
munication, political parties, ideology and strategy of the European and Spanish far right, as well as hate speech,
xenophobia, and racism.
International University of Valencia, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0002-8611-6615
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License CC BY-NC 4.0
Received: 28/12/2023 - Accepted: 24/04/2025 - Early access: 04/02/2026 - Published: 01/07/2026
Recibido: 28/12/2023 - Aceptado: 24/04/2025 - En edición: 04/02/2026 - Publicado: 01/07/2026
Resumen:
El artículo compara las estrategias de comunicación institucional de
las monarquías española y británica a través de las notas de prensa
emitidas en 2022, año marcado por eventos extraordinarios como el
fallecimiento de Isabel II y el regreso de Juan Carlos I a España. La in
-
vestigación parte de la hipótesis de que ambas instituciones mantienen
una comunicación obsoleta que afecta su popularidad en un contexto
de creciente cuestionamiento sobre su relevancia. Para ello, se emplea
un enfoque mixto cuantitativo-cualitativo que incluye una revisión bi
-
bliográca sobre comunicación institucional y monarquía, así como un
análisis de contenido de los textos ociales. Los resultados evidencian
diferencias signicativas, especialmente en la frecuencia de publicacio
-
nes y en la pluralidad de miembros representados. Sin embargo, am
-
bas monarquías comparten una narrativa poco empática y carente de
Abstract:
is article compares the institutional communication strategies of the
Spanish and British monarchies through press releases issued in 2022,
a year marked by extraordinary events such as the death of Elizabeth
II and the return of Juan Carlos I to Spain. e research hypothesizes
that both institutions maintain outdated communication strategies
that aect their popularity in a context of growing questioning
of their relevance. To this end, a mixed quantitative-qualitative
approach is used that includes a bibliographic review of institutional
communication and the monarchy, as well as a content analysis of
ocial texts. e results reveal signicant dierences, especially in the
frequency of publications and the plurality of members represented.
However, both monarchies share a narrative lacking in empathy
and propaganda strategies regarding their heirs. e conclusion is
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
60 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
1. Introduction
Traditionally, the media have played an essential role in holding public authorities accountable and providing citizens with
information that allows them to form their own opinions on social issues and participate actively and eectively in democratic
society. is new communication environment has forced institutions, including monarchies, to adapt to these changes
marked by misinformation and so-called
fake news
, which represent a long-standing threat to public opinion formation. is
transformation also oers an opportunity for institutions to become more democratic, transparent, and closer to citizens.
Currently, there are ten monarchies in Europe: Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
the United Kingdom, Liechtenstein, and Monaco. at is, in these monarchies, the head of state is exercised by a person
who, as king or queen, has received power through hereditary means. is is a primarily representative role, lacking political
power, but it carries a symbolic and traditional weight in these European societies. Considering that, in Europe, the role of the
monarchy is merely gurative and that it forms part of an institution that does not depend on elections to maintain power, the
following question arises: what interest could a Royal House have in strengthening its area of communication? “Should the
non-King be mute? No, because he must have the power to speak and communicate with the society to which he is linked as
head of state and from which he must receive his legitimacy to exercise it” (Palacios Bañuelos, 2015: 208). is author’s quote
answers precisely this question. e term “non-king” refers to a monarch who does not play an active role in the country’s
politics; that is, he lacks real executive political power and acts primarily as a representative gure.
Despite this limitation of political power, kings and queens play an important institutional role as heads of state. Although
their power is often largely symbolic, it is essential for monarchs to maintain eective communication with the society they
represent, as their legitimacy and the respect they receive from the population depend on it.
On the other hand, although not all monarchies in Europe enjoy the same popularity, they all face debates and must act to
guarantee their future, since there are many voices calling for their reform or disappearance (Brunner and Grande, 2020). In
this sense, communication becomes a fundamental tool for any public institution to explain its function to society and justify
its role within the political system in which it participates. is is also pointed out by Gómez (2015), who emphasizes that
“today the Royal Family’s ability to communicate with the people it represents is more important than ever, since these same
people, through their political elections, can decide to modify or end its existence”(p. 31).
is article analyzes how the Royal Households of the United Kingdom and Spain implement their institutional communication
in crisis situations and whether it is eective and contributes to improving their reputation.
estrategias propagandísticas en relación con sus herederos. Se concluye
que la Casa Real Británica mantiene una comunicación más diversa y
frecuente, aunque esto no implica necesariamente mayor ecacia y me
-
jores índices de popularidad.
Palabras clave:
Comunicación institucional; Casa Real; monarquía; estrategias
comunicativas; análisis de contenido.
that the British Royal Family maintains more diverse and frequent
communication, although this does not necessarily imply greater
eectiveness or higher popularity ratings.
Keywords:
Institutional communication; Royal Household; monarchy;
communication strategies; content analysis
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 61
1.1. Justication of the research
e British and Spanish monarchies have faced numerous changes and challenges over the past decade. Both have undergone
succession processes, in one case following the abdication of King Juan Carlos I in June 2014 and, in the other, the death of Queen
Elizabeth II in September 2022. Furthermore, in recent years, both institutions have been involved in various controversies
and scandals, some of which have led to legal proceedings and have been widely reported by both the mainstream media and
the royal press.
In the case of the British monarchy, the most notable events are the “
Megxit
” and the accusations of sexual abuse against
Prince Andrew, Duke of York. In Spain, the monarchy has faced controversies such as the indictment of Infanta Cristina in the
“Nóos case” or the departure of the emeritus king from Spain in August 2020 due to his alleged involvement in shady business
dealings.
Undoubtedly, the changes in the structure of these royal families and the media interest surrounding the aforementioned
scandals, as well as the handling of these situations from a communicative perspective, are some of the reasons that have led
us to study the institutional communication of these two monarchies through press releases as an object of analysis. In the
words of Burgueño (2016), this is “the queen” of communication tools, so a thorough review of press releases will allow us to
understand how the Royal Households work on their institutional communication, how they present themselves to the media,
and how they manage information.
Regarding the time period under study, a one-year period has been chosen: from January to December 2022. is choice is
based on certain academic and contextual reasons:
- Comparative validity. In a comparative analysis, it is necessary to establish a common time frame for the study to be valid.
is allows for the identication of similarities and dierences between the communication of both Royal Houses, thus
avoiding a time gap that could aect the interpretation of the results.
- Availability of data and information. To conduct research, it is essential to have sources that allow you to extract the data
and information necessary to support the analysis. Choosing a time period close enough to the present facilitates data
availability, as the information is more up-to-date and more accessible.
- Relevance of time. 2022 was a year of signicant changes and events in the two Royal Households under study, as
summarized in the following table.
62 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Spanish Royal HouseBritish Royal House
March 2. e Supreme Court Prosecutor’s Oce closes three
investigations opened against the emeritus king.
June 2-6. e United Kingdom celebrates Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee, a
series of events commemorating her 70 years on the throne since the death
of her father, George VI.
April 26. Felipe VI makes public, for the rst time, his personal
assets: more than 2.5 million euros. e disclosure of this
wealth, according to the Spanish Royal Household, reects the
monarch’s commitment to “the regeneration and transparency
of institutions”(House of His Majesty the King, 2022).
September 8. Elizabeth II dies at the age of 96 at Balmoral Castle, having
become the longest-reigning monarch of the United Kingdom and one of
the most important global gures in recent history. Following her death,
her son, Charles III, acceded to the throne.
May 23. Juan Carlos I returns to Spain for the rst time since
leaving the country on August 3, 2020, to take up residence in
Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates.
e specic objectives, and their corresponding research questions, are as follows:
a) To reect on the communication strategy of the Spanish Royal Family and the British Royal Family: To do so, we will seek
to understand how both institutions communicate with the media and society through their press releases. Aspects such
as the topics covered, the frequency of press releases, and who the key gures in them are will be explored.
b) To study the connection between institutional communication and the history of the monarchy and the structure of each
royal family: we will investigate whether these aspects inuence the way they develop their institutional communication
strategies. We will study the composition of royal families and the monarchical tradition of each country in relation to
communication.
c) Analyze the factors that drive the British and Spanish Royal Households to develop and implement institutional
communication strategies. We will examine the reasons why these institutions, despite not being subject to electoral
processes or depending on citizen support in terms of votes, consider it necessary to establish communication channels
and the objectives underlying these strategies.
Each of these specic objectives will conrm the three hypotheses presented below:
a) Hypothesis 1: more eective institutional communication than the Spanish Royal Family, both in qualitative and
quantitative terms, which is reected in the production of higher quality communications with greater persuasive power.
b) Hypothesis 2: e history and context of both monarchies impact their institutional communication strategies. While the
British Royal Family nds itself in a political and social context marked by a long monarchical tradition and a special
relationship with the Commonwealth, the Spanish Royal Family has a more unstable recent history.
c) Hypothesis 3: e institutional communication deployed by both Royal Houses is an instrument to justify the existence of
the monarchy in two societies in which criticisms questioning its usefulness are increasing.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 63
2. eoretical framework
In recent years, several think tanks and consulting rms have conducted surveys to understand public opinion on the
monarchy. In Spain, the Elcano Royal Institute published research on monarchical succession in 2014, which revealed that
up to 37% of Spaniards preferred a republic as a model of state. Six years later, in 2020, another survey commissioned by the
Independent Media Platform and conducted by the consulting rm 40dB conrmed an increase in more favourable positions
toward a republic (40.9%) compared to a head of state presided over by a king (34.9%).
As for the United Kingdom, a 2023 survey conducted by the
National Centre for Social Research
(NatCen) showed that the
institution currently enjoys the lowest ever support among Britons. In that study, 45% of respondents said the monarchy
should be abolished, that it is not very important, or that it is not important at all. Another 2023 survey, by the market research
company YouGov, indicated that support for the institution has decreased from 62% to 58% in the United Kingdom.
ese data conrm a worrying shift in condence in the monarchy among Spanish and British society. Given this scenario,
it can be assumed that the monarchy, like all public institutions, wants to strengthen its image and reputation, in addition to
demonstrating its usefulness to citizens. In this regard, Villanueva (2022) argues that the purpose of the Crown is not to inform,
but to persuade and demonstrate why it deserves to exist.
Furthermore, to understand how institutional communication works within the Royal Households, it is important to analyze
who constitutes them. To this end, the concept of “Royal Household” is dened as the “group of civilian and military personnel
who assist the king in the performance of his duties”(Royal Spanish Academy). e term “royal family” is dierent, referring to
“the group to which prominent relatives of the holder of the crown belong” (Pan-Hispanic Dictionary).
Currently, the House of Bourbon is the reigning dynasty in Spain, headed by Felipe VI since June 19, 2014, following the
abdication of his father, Juan Carlos I, on June 2 of the same year. is transition occurred in a context marked by various scandals
that aected the nal years of Juan Carlos I’s reign, including the “Nóos case”, in which his son-in-law, Iñaki Urdangarin, and
his daughter, Cristina de Borbón, were implicated. As part of the measures adopted to strengthen the institutional image of the
monarchy, Felipe VI reduced the ocial structure of the Royal Family to six members: the king, the queen, his two daughters,
and his parents. is new organizational chart no longer included the king’s sisters, brothers-in-law, or nieces and nephews,
thus demonstrating the legacy of a “broken” family that Felipe VI has had to deal with during his reign (González, 2021).
In the case of the British monarchy, the members of the royal family number fourteen, according to the Royal Household
website: King Charles III and Queen Camilla; the Prince and Princess of Wales William and Catherine and their three children
(George, Louis, and Charlotte); the Duke and Duchess of Sussex Harry and Meghan and their two children (who have
renounced their active roles in the Crown). ey also include King Charles III’s three brothers and their partners.
2.1. Approach to institutional communication
Authors such as Canel (1999), Dolphin (2001) and Rodrich (2022) have reected on the concept of institutional communication
and agree that it is a process that facilitates the understanding, deepening and recognition of the institution. Furthermore,
it focuses on establishing the identity and mission of an organization, communicating them to its audiences, with the aim
64 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
of achieving a prominent and positive position in collective perception (Dolphin, 2001). To achieve this, the organization
must adapt to the needs, convictions and aspirations of its audiences and it is a process that must form an essential part of
the corporate strategy, and that can have an impact on performance and, in general, on the competitive advantages of the
organization.
Likewise, Martín (1998) describes it as the internal and external management of an organization’s information, which aects
a specic audience and is transmitted through its own and external media. Canel, for his part, speaks of the “set of rules,
principles, procedures, and applications of persuasive communication that, using psychological and informational resources,
institutions carry out to inuence recipients in order to achieve their permanent support for exercising and distributing power
and achieving the public good” (1999: 76).
For Cornelissen (2008), institutional communication is understood as the management function that oers a framework for the
eective coordination of all internal and external communications, with the general purpose of establishing and maintaining a
favourable reputation among the dierent groups of audiences on which the organization depends.
Beyond mere reputation management, the political communications agency “La Base” (2021) points out that institutional
communication has a fundamental purpose: to establish and nurture a positive and constructive relationship between the
institution and its citizens. erefore, this area is not limited to marketing or advertising practices, but takes on a much deeper
social dimension. In this context, the institution is committed to communicating its values and work to society as a whole in
a transparent manner. is involves not only disseminating messages but also demonstrating the values and actions that the
institution promotes and defends.
In the case of monarchies, they full the social function of raising awareness by disseminating events and news surrounding
them. In other words, there is a close relationship between communication and institutional identity. To this end, the institution
builds a series of internal and external information channels that benet the entity’s information ow.
In this process, institutional communication has been transformed, with particular emphasis on social media. It is important
to highlight that the current digital environment has contributed to the development of communication channels where
users participate more actively. Castello, Del Pino
et al.
(2014) assert that the presence of institutions in digital environments
is motivated by the advantages they nd in social platforms, as they enable institutional communication based on mutual
relationships, even if these are not symmetrical.
For Rodriguez and Ureña (2011), Twitter (currently X) brings modernity to the political sphere, allows conversation with
citizens, users of this social network become opinion leaders in their environments, it is a source of information for journalists
and a way to improve the relationship with them. For his part, Fernández (2011) determines the importance of Twitter to
understand the dynamics of the public agenda and to specify which topics will have the greatest impact on the media agenda
through tools such as tags (hashtags) or
trending topics.
Since 2012, the Royal Household has been implementing a media style adapted to
online communication.
On May 21, 2014, it
launched an ocial Twitter account under the username @CasaReal and announced that this account would publish all the
institution’s news, as well as images of audiences and events of the Royal Family. Furthermore, the monarchy warns that this
is an institutional prole, not a personal one, and in order to facilitate its management, it will only follow accounts of national
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 65
and international institutions and organizations. Prior to Twitter, in September 2012, it launched its website, and in December,
it broadcast the King’s Christmas Message live for the rst time through the ocial YouTube channel CasaRealTV.
e British monarchy launched its Twitter account (@BritishMonarchy) on April 28, 2009. In April 2016, following Queen
Elizabeth II’s 90th birthday, it was renamed e Royal Family (@RoyalFamily) and reports on its main activities and events.
2.2. e press and the monarchy, a complicated relationship
In the case of the Spanish monarchy, studies on the relationship between the press and the institution point to a complicity
between the two since Juan Carlos I was designated by dictator Francisco Franco as heir to the throne. In fact, some authors
consider that in Spain there has been a “tacit pact” between the monarchy and the media, something that has hindered critical
coverage of the royal family for decades (Carratalá, 2014). is pact is believed to have developed since the Spanish transition,
when the press began to forge an image of King Juan Carlos I as a democratizing gure who contributed to a peaceful transition
after the end of Franco’s regime (Zugasti, 2006). However, this media silence and this respectful and positive treatment have
begun to crack in recent years, following the numerous scandals that have ultimately damaged the image of Juan Carlos I and
the royal family as a whole (Valera and López, 2013). ese events include the controversy surrounding Juan Carlos I’s trip
to Botswana to hunt elephants, the indictment of Infanta Cristina in the Nóos case, and the ight of the emeritus king to Abu
Dhabi following reports of alleged tax irregularities.
Regarding the British monarchy, Billig (1988) focuses on discursive strategies and appreciates the use of a simple and direct
language style to connect with the audience and project an image of accessibility. is objective, the author emphasizes,
contributes to building its authority and legitimacy as an institution.
According to Labio-Bernal (2001), the British press portrays the dierent members of the royal family as the protagonists of a
soap opera, creating a series of stereotypes that allow British society to identify with each of the characters in this story. is
way of conceiving the monarchy has contributed to making it an icon within the United Kingdom.
e narrative surrounding the British royal family has revolved around the personal lives and relationships of its members
rather than their institutional work. Unlike the Spanish monarchy, which enjoyed press silence for many years in the face of
certain scandals, the British media have consistently reported on any issue related to the royal family’s private life, such as the
love triangle between Charles, Camilla, and Diana or the poor relationship between William and Harry. In this regard, Shaw’s
(2022) study analyzes several crisis cases faced by the British Royal Family and highlights how communication strategies
vary depending on the severity of the crisis and the potential damage to reputation, incorporating transparency criteria and
adapting to the media age, with real-time information management and responding to online criticism.
3. Methodology
A comparative study is being conducted through content analysis of press releases issued by the Spanish Royal Family and the
British Royal Family to analyze institutional communication between the two institutions during 2022. e results will provide
a more complete view of the role that both monarchies give to communication as an instrument of connection with citizens in
66 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
a context of reputational crisis and loss of support, according to opinion polls in Spain and the United Kingdom on the current
role of the monarchy.
Content analysis is a widely used methodology for studying political, literary, and religious information. In fact, this technique
gained signicant momentum after World War II, as it was used to analyze propaganda disseminated in the media (Tinto,
2013).
According to López (2022), the content analysis technique seeks to understand the internal structure of a given piece of
information, whether its composition, organization, or dynamics. is methodology uses quantitative methods to provide
numerical data based on specic units extracted from the documentation under study. For example, specic words or phrases
can be selected from the text to record their occurrence. e frequency of occurrence of these words or phrases is used as a
basis for drawing conclusions in quantitative document analysis.
3.1. Corpus selection
e research corpus consists of press releases published by both institutions between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022,
which is the period of time subject to analysis due to the exceptional context of crisis facing both dynasties. e documents
were accessed through two sections of the websites that referred to similar terms and whose contents had a similar structure:
“
Press releases”
on the ocial website of the British Royal Family
1
and “Communiqués” on the ocial website of the Spanish
Royal Family
2
.
All press releases have been counted regardless of their subject matter and the nal sample consists of 41. To carry out the
content analysis, an analysis sheet has been developed, following the model as a reference the Nogales Bocio sheet (2013) and
variables have been introduced that will be applied to the entire sample, with the aim of having homogeneous data susceptible
to being compared and treated at a statistical level to extract both quantitative and qualitative conclusions, in addition to
the interpretation and analysis of the information production processes that conclude in the impact and visibility of said
information.
1
https://www.royal.uk/media-centre/press-releases . Accessed May 15-20, 2024
2
https://casareal.es/ES/AreaPrensa/Paginas/area_prensa_comunicados.aspx . Accessed: June 2–12, 2024
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 67
Table 1. Ocial communications from the Spanish and British Royal Family during 2022
Source: own elaboration
e variables to be considered are oriented around the types of data that are intended to be extracted and compared: the
content of the communication, its characteristics as an information product (format and periodicity), and the data relating to
the narrative treatment of the discourse (enunciation, protagonists, conict).
1. Publication date: e date each statement is published will be recorded to identify patterns of temporal distribution and
determine whether there are specic moments when the communication strategy of both Royal Households is intensied.
2.
Protagonist: e protagonist of each communication will be recorded, that is, which member of the royal family is
the central character in the narrative. is will allow us to assess whether the structure of each royal family aects the
institutional communication of each monarchy.
3. Content: e topics covered in the statements will be examined, as well as the most frequently used words or terms. is
will allow us to assess whether both Royal Houses share similarities on the issues they consider important or whether they
adopt dierent approaches.
4.
Headline, structure, and length: e average length of the releases will be measured, and an analysis will be made of
whether they follow a common structure, such as opening greetings, headline, body of the report, and signature. is will
reveal how both Royal Households present their information. Special emphasis will be placed on headlines, as a central
element of any press release.
5. Statements: A quantitative analysis will be conducted, in the form of a tally, of the direct statements made by royal members
present in the press releases. is will allow us to assess the level of participation and the importance of the voices of royal
family members in institutional communications.
68 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Table 2. Press release analysis sheet
Variable
Spanish Royal HouseBritish Royal House
Holder
Publication date
Protagonist
Topic discussed
Number of
words
Statements
Link
Source: prepared by the author based on Nogales Bocio (2013)
4. Results
e results will be addressed in two sections: the rst will analyze the statements issued by the Spanish Royal Family according
to the variables mentioned in the previous section, and the second will examine the texts issued by the British Royal Family.
4.1. Analysis of the Spanish Royal Family’s statements
Publication date
During 2022, the Spanish Royal Household issued ve press releases, all concentrated in the rst half of the year. During this
period, May stands out as the most active month in terms of ocial texts, with a total of two. is concentration in the rst half
of the year and the absence of information from the Spanish monarchy in several calendar months reects an intermittent
institutional communication strategy on the part of the Spanish Royal Household during the study period, in which no
consistent pattern is followed.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 69
Chart 1. Press releases issued by the Spanish Royal Family during 2022
Source: own elaboration
e lack of a consistent pattern in the frequency of press releases suggests a manoeuvre that maintains a low and discreet
prole, avoiding excessive media presence. In this strategy, the Spanish monarchy reserves press releases primarily for crisis
situations or to convey highly relevant information to the media.
Protagonists
Of the ve statements issued by the Royal Household in 2022, three feature Juan Carlos I and address issues related to his
personal situation, a fact that reveals the constant attention the emeritus king receives. e other two statements refer to Felipe
VI, specically his positive COVID-19 test in February 2022 and the publication of his personal assets.
It is noteworthy that, despite Felipe VI being the current monarch, his father appears even more frequently as the subject of
the monarchy’s press releases. Furthermore, it is evident that the Spanish Royal Family is aware of how the former monarch’s
past actions can inuence both the present and future of the institution. It is evident that the departure of the emeritus king of
Spain, in the face of the publication of information related to alleged shady dealings, places the Spanish monarchy in a delicate
position.
Content
As previously mentioned, during 2022, the Spanish Royal Family issued ve press releases, three of which were related to
matters concerning the King Emeritus.
70 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
e rst of them reported on the closing of the investigations opened against him by the Prosecutor’s Oce, the second
announced Juan Carlos I’s intention to return to Spain for a visit, and the third communicated the reunion of Juan Carlos
I with his son, Felipe VI, at the Zarzuela Palace. e fourth, although not directly related to the emeritus king, announced
the publication of Felipe VI’s assets, a gesture of transparency that was perceived as a change in trend in the institution with
respect to the era of Juan Carlos I. Finally, the fth reported on the positive COVID-19 diagnosis of King Felipe VI, at a time
when the coronavirus pandemic was still very present.
e themes of documents can also be analyzed by studying the most frequently used words or concepts. is word frequency
analysis provides insight into the recurring themes and key concepts present in the Royal Family’s communications.
Table 3. Frequency of concepts used in the communications of the Spanish Royal Family (2022)
WordsFrequency
King25
Majesty29
Don Juan Carlos
13
Spain9
Life9
Place8
Residence6
Letter6
Abu Dhabi
6
Source: own elaboration
e concepts that are repeated most often are “king” (25 times), “majesty” (20 times) and “Don Juan Carlos” (13 times). ey
are followed by the words “Spain” (9), “life” (9), “place” (8), “residence” (6), “letter” (6) and “Abu Dhabi” (6). In this way, what
was highlighted in the previous analysis is corroborated: the gure of the emeritus king has a very prominent weight in the
institutional communication of the Royal House during this year. e name of Don Juan Carlos appears repeatedly, in the same
way as other terms that refer to his personal situation after leaving Spain in August 2020, such as “life”, “place” and “residence”.
Title, structure and extension
Regarding the structure of the Spanish Royal Household’s communications, they all share the same title: “STATEMENT FROM
THE HOUSEHOLD OF HM THE KING”, without any specication or specicity as to the topic to be discussed. is title creates
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 71
a formal and uniform image across all ocial communications, although it provides no details or clues as to the content, giving
it a rather uninformative character.
After the headline, the texts continue with the body copy. None of them exceed 400 words, and most are in the 150 to 300-word
range, with an average of 248. erefore, the Spanish Royal Family’s communication strategy strives for conciseness and avoids
redundancy and repetition.
Another common feature of all the releases is that they end with the phrase: “Palacio de La Zarzuela, day, month, and year”,
which provides a time stamp and a geographical context . is signature also reinforces the authenticity and origin of the note.
Statements
All the statements issued by the Spanish Royal Family tend to lack direct statements from their protagonists. In fact, of the ve
studied, only two were identied as including statements.
e rst ocial text is the one issued on March 7, 2022, which reproduces a letter sent by King Juan Carlos to his son Felipe
VI. In the letter, the emeritus king expresses his desire to return to Spain following the closure of the investigations by the
Prosecutor’s Oce. e inclusion of this letter in the document adds a personal element, showing direct communication
between members of the Royal Household and, ultimately, a father and son discussing their personal aairs.
e second statement appears in the April 25, 2022, communiqué, which refers to words spoken by Felipe VI on the day of his
proclamation as king before the Cortes Generales, so these are past statements used for context.
4.2. Analysis of the British Royal Family’s statements
Publication date
e British Royal Family issued a total of 36 press releases during 2022, representing an average of three ocial publications
per month. As indicated in the theoretical framework, 2022 was a particularly signicant period for the British Royal Family,
marked by two important events: e Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II and the subsequent death of the monarch.
September was the month with the highest number of announcements, due to the death of Elizabeth II and the subsequent
accession to the throne of her son Charles III. A total of 11 announcements were published during this month, demonstrating
the importance of this historic event in the communication of the Royal Household.
On the other hand, February and June also stood out as months of considerable activity in the communications area, largely
due to the celebration of Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee. In both months, ve press releases were issued, underscoring
the interest surrounding this event for the British monarchy.
A relevant fact is that, with the exception of August, at least one press release was published every month. is demonstrates a
consistent communications strategy throughout the year and the importance the British monarchy places on communicating
all its activities through the media.
72 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Protagonists
e British Royal Family includes numerous members, and this diversity is reected in its press releases. e results reveal
that of the 14 royal family members listed under “e Royal Family
3
”, half of them appear as recurring protagonists in the press
releases.
First, Charles III, as the reigning monarch, is the member who appears most frequently in the press releases, accounting for
29% of the total (15) (Chart 3). is seems consistent with his central role in the British Royal Family and as head of state. He
is followed by Queen Camilla, who is mentioned in 12 news items, and Elizabeth II, who is mentioned in 10. ese gures
highlight the importance of the most prominent members of the royal family in the institution’s communication, as they
account for 72% of the total number of appearances in ocial texts.
In addition, other members also appear in the statements, albeit to a lesser extent. e Prince of Wales –formerly the Duke of
Cambridge– is mentioned three times, while the Princess of Wales –formerly the Duchess of Cambridge– is mentioned twice.
Individual mentions of the Duke of York, Princess Alexandra, and the Duke of Gloucester are also identied, each appearing
prominently in a statement.
Chart 3. Protagonists of British Royal House press releases during 2022
Source: own elaboration
3
https://www.royal.uk/media-centre/press-releases
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 73
It is worth noting that seven press releases have been classied as having an “undetermined” protagonist, indicating that in
these cases there is no central gure in the ocial document or that various members of the royal family are mentioned. ese
press releases are usually related to events or matters involving the family as a whole, reecting the importance of presenting
a unied image of the Royal Family in certain contexts.
Content
Of the 36 statements issued by the British Royal Family in 2022, a total of 11 were closely related to the death of Elizabeth II
and the succession to the throne, an event of great historical signicance, not only nationally but also internationally. Figure 4
visually presents the topics covered in the British monarchy’s statements:
Chart 4. Topics addressed by the British Royal Family in its press releases
Source: own elaboration
Likewise, eight statements were issued related to the Platinum Jubilee events, commemorating the 70th anniversary of
Elizabeth II’s reign. e attention paid to Commonwealth-related issues was also notable, with seven focusing on visits,
messages, or events related to Commonwealth nations. is underscores the importance of the Royal Household’s relations
and commitment to Commonwealth member countries, a signicant part of its institutional role.
Finally, 11 others addressed a variety of additional topics, which may include ocial events, royal engagements, activities, and
other matters of public interest that were part of the British Royal Family’s agenda during the period studied.
74 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Special mention should be made of the statement of January 13, 2022, entitled “
A statement from Buckingham Palace regarding
the Duke of York”,
announcing Elizabeth II’s decision to withdraw all military honors from her son, Prince Andrew, following
allegations of sexual abuse of a minor in the billionaire Jerey Epstein scandal.
In terms of term frequency, the most frequently used word, with a total of 212 mentions, is “royal”. is is a key term in the
institution’s communication, as it is part of concepts such as “royal
family
” and “
his/her royal highness
”. e constant repetition
of “royal” underscores the importance of royal lineage in the identity of the British Royal Family.
In second place, with 176 mentions, is the term “
queen
”, which is not surprising given that until September 2022, Elizabeth II
was the highest representative of the British Royal Family. e year 2022 was a particularly signicant period for her, as it was
marked by her Platinum Jubilee and, subsequently, her death.
In third place, with 102 mentions, is the term “
Commonwealth
”. e fact that the term “Commonwealth of Nations” is used so
often demonstrates the importance the monarchy places on relations between its members and its commitment to promoting
and strengthening them.
In addition to these keywords, other frequently repeated words include “
prince
” ,“
majesty”
,“
king
” ,“
state
”, “
visit
” ,“service” and
“
Wales
”.
Title, structure and extension
ey contain a variety of headlines and, in most cases, provide an indication of the topic covered. More generic headlines can
also be found, such as those beginning with the phrase “
A statement from
...” or “A
message
from...”. ese headings suggest
that the press release is a message or statement from a member of the royal family or Buckingham Palace on a specic topic.
Regarding length, the average is around 590 words, although it’s important to note that this length can vary considerably
depending on the content of the particular release. us, it can be inferred that the text length meets the need to provide
detailed information in some cases, while others have a more concise approach.
Statements
A total of 12 of the 36 communiqués analyzed contained statements, which not only add depth to the information provided but
also oer insight from members of the Royal Family on specic topics included in the texts. Some of these are statements in
themselves. Specically, those titled “A
message
from...” are documents explicitly containing statements from a member of the
royal family. However, it should be noted that not all of these statements come exclusively from senior members of the royal
family. In some cases, statements are included from individuals who are not members of the monarchy, such as the secretaries
of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall.
5. Discussion
During the period analyzed in this research, the Spanish Royal Household distinguished itself by issuing a small number of
statements in response to specic situations or events, while the British Royal Household adopted a more continuous strategy,
publishing statements practically every month. In fact, August was the only month of that year in which no ocial text was
issued by the British monarchy. It is important to note that 2022 was a period of great activity for the British Royal Household,
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 75
as indicated. However, when comparing the 36 statements issued from Kensington Palace versus the 5 issued from Zarzuela
Palace, a notable dierence in institutional communication is evident, one that does not respond solely to the exceptional
events experienced in the United Kingdom.
In the scientic literature consulted (Canel 1999; Cornelissen, 2008; Alcoceba, 2010; Castello, Del Pino
et.al
2014; Rodrich,
2022) it is highlighted that institutional communication plays a fundamental role in dening the identity and mission of an
organization in its community. When an organization, in this case, an institution, opts for limited communication or refrains
from expressing its opinion for long periods in response to important events or circumstances, it can be concluded that its
approach to institutional communication is decient or, at least, susceptible to improvement.
Regarding the protagonists of the analyzed texts, it is important to consider the scope of each royal family and the members
who play an active role within the institution. As noted, the Spanish Royal Family website identies six members of the royal
family, while the British Royal Family includes a total of 14. is implies that a broader and more diverse range of individuals
are featured in British Royal Family communications.
In the case of the Spanish monarchy, it is striking that more than 50% of ocial texts feature Juan Carlos I, despite the fact
that during the period analyzed, he resided outside of Spain and has been retired from institutional and public life for years.
However, his alleged shady dealings and life in Abu Dhabi have generated signicant press interest and, as a result, have been
a recurring theme in the Royal Family’s institutional communications.
According to the authors consulted, the social dimension is a fundamental aspect of institutional communication, that is, how
an institution strives to convey its values to society to maintain its credibility. In the case of the Spanish royal family, it has been
portrayed by the press as a “broken” entity, in which the King’s sisters lack an institutional role. In the case of one of them,
Infanta Cristina, she was even stripped of the title of Duchess of Palma, which she previously held, due to her involvement in
the Nóos case. is dynamic is also reected in the institutional communication strategy of the Spanish Royal Family, which is
characterized by press releases that involve a very limited number of protagonists, without the presence of the King’s sisters,
his brothers-in-law, or his nephews.
In some ways, the institution is seen as trying to establish a clear distinction between what is considered the “royal family”,
those who play a public and ocial role in supporting the monarch, and the “king’s family”, those relatives who are close to the
monarch but are not part of the monarchy or perform public duties.
Furthermore, there is a scant presence of four prominent members of the Spanish royal family, who do not appear as
protagonists in any of the statements analyzed: Queen Letizia, Infanta Sofía, Princess Leonor, and Sofía, the Queen Emeritus.
In contrast, the British Royal Family presents the family leaders, Elizabeth II and Charles III, as the main protagonists in its
letters. However, other members of the royal family are also regularly mentioned.
In this sense, this is an example of the propaganda strategy employed by the House of Windsor over decades to consolidate
the image of the royal family in the collective imagination. e presence of numerous members in the statements reects
the intention to portray a large, united, and solid family that supports the monarch. In this way, the aim is to promote the
legitimacy and stability of the institution by showing the royal family working together.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
76 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Regarding the content of ocial texts, in the case of the Spanish Royal Family, scandals involving Juan Carlos I are a constant,
conrming what the empirical evidence consulted indicates: the respectful and positive treatment that Juan Carlos I used to
receive in the Spanish press has crumbled. erefore, the Spanish Royal Family is forced to grapple with these issues and try to
restore the public image of the King Emeritus and the monarchy.
It is also perceived that the Spanish dynasty is seeking to mitigate the controversy and reduce media attention on this issue, in
a way acknowledging that Juan Carlos’s image will never be the same after his departure from Spain to Abu Dhabi. erefore,
it seems to adopt a strategy geared more toward crisis management in its press releases than toward actively promoting the
institution, which is fundamental to any communication strategy.
Regarding the issues addressed by the British Royal Family, the fact that the Platinum Jubilee and the death of Elizabeth II are
two of the central topics of the 2022 press releases is valued positively, as it demonstrates that the British monarchy, through
its communications strategy, is aware of the importance of praising the gure of the Queen, who is the most visible head
of the institution. It is also considered positive that events related to the Commonwealth occupy a prominent place in this
plan, because it contributes to strengthening the ties of this commonwealth of nations and reinforcing the United Kingdom’s
position in world politics.
On the other hand, one aspect on which both Royal Households agree is that they use the press release as a document that serves
to preempt journalistic initiatives, as demonstrated by the empirical evidence consulted. is is something that is observed
in those published texts that put both royal families in a delicate position, such as the statement announcing Elizabeth II’s
decision to withdraw military honors from the Duke of York or the one announcing Juan Carlos I’s intention to return to Spain.
Both are examples of press releases that the Royal Households issue ahead of the media, even if they are not favourable, as this
way they can avoid potential speculation and try to dominate the narrative and the public discourse.
Regarding the structure of the documents, similarities can be identied. In the case of the Spanish Royal Family, they typically
begin with a neutral and repetitive headline, followed by the body of the informative text. e location of the signature, the
Zarzuela Palace, is then included, followed by the date of issue. e British Royal Family also adopts a similar structure,
beginning with an informative headline, followed by the date on which the statement was issued, and then the body of the text
that develops the information.
It is important to highlight that this structure shared by both monarchies is similar to that proposed by the scientic
literature consulted, that is, they issue concise and brief statements, which are two crucial aspects for the eectiveness of this
communication tool. While the British Royal Family tends to issue statements with a more promotional nature or aimed at
strengthening its institutional image, those of the Spanish Royal Family are linked to more controversial issues. is dierence
in the nature of the topics addressed may provide the British monarchy with greater comfort and, consequently, the possibility
of preparing longer texts when addressing these issues in greater detail.
Notable dierences also emerge regarding headlines. e scientic literature reviewed indicates that a press release should
begin with a generic headline, “Press Release”, without oering specic details about the content. is approach is rigorously
followed by the Spanish Royal Family, which exclusively uses the headline “Communication from HM the King”. In contrast,
the British Royal Family adopts a dierent approach to its headlines, which vary in structure and content. More descriptive
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 77
headlines, such as “A message from Buckingham Palace regarding the Duke of York” or “70 facts you didn’t know about Elizabeth
II”, are found, which are more informative and align with the arguments of other authors who emphasize the importance of
emphasizing headlines in these types of documents issued by institutions.
Finally, neither Royal House is particularly known for including statements in most of their press releases. is observation is
noteworthy because, as noted in the analysis of results, statements are important elements both in journalistic and institutional
communication. eir inclusion in releases enriches the content, provides authenticity, and humanizes the information.
6. Conclusions
Regarding the initial hypotheses, these have been partially conrmed. e rst, “the British Royal Family deploys more eective
institutional communication than the Spanish Royal Family”, shows that the British monarchy oers a greater diversity of
topics, voices, and protagonists, as well as the number and frequency of press releases issued, all of which contribute to making
the British Royal Family’s communication richer and more comprehensive than that of the Spanish Royal Family. However,
as mentioned above, quantity is not in itself an indicator of quality, and additional data collection would be necessary to
denitively state whether the British Royal Family’s communication is truly more eective than that of the Spanish Royal
Family or whether there are other factors to consider in this assessment.
e second hypothesis, “monarchical history and tradition inuence the institutional communication of the Spanish Royal
Family and the British Royal Family”, has been corroborated throughout the research. It is clear that, in the case of the British
Royal Family, the longevity of the monarchy and the popularity of Elizabeth II have left a mark on its communication approach,
which gives a central role to the monarch, whose gure is promoted. It is also observed that the United Kingdom’s position in
the world inuences the topics covered in the communications, with numerous pieces dedicated to strengthening ties with
Commonwealth nations.
In contrast, the Spanish monarchy has experienced a history marked by periods of instability and, in recent years, has been
embroiled in scandals, such as the indictment of Infanta Cristina in the Nóos case and the deterioration of the image of Juan
Carlos I, one of the Crown’s greatest assets.
Likewise, the composition and structure of both royal families shape the institutional communication of both monarchies.
Although the British family has not been free of conict throughout its history, most of its members currently maintain an
active role, with ocial duties and support for the monarch, a fact reected in the diversity of voices and protagonists that
appear in press releases. is is not the case in the Spanish family.
e third hypothesis,
“the institutional communication deployed by both Royal Houses is an instrument to justify the existence
of the monarchy”, has been conrmed. As explained in the theoretical framework, the Crown’s objective is not to inform, but
to persuade and justify its existence. e British analysis shows a communication approach focused on highlighting the image
of the monarchy, promoting the numerous events and activities it attends, and demonstrating the royal family’s support for
Elizabeth II or Charles III. is approach contrasts with the Spanish communication strategy, which, at least during 2022, is
78 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
limited to managing crises surrounding Juan Carlos I and in which the voice of the future heir, the Princess of Asturias, is not
present at any time.
In conclusion, this article focused on studying the institutional communication strategy of both Royal Houses, addressing
quantitative and qualitative aspects of press releases. It has allowed us to verify that the methods of both are clearly distinct
and conditioned by various factors, such as their history, the deep-rooted monarchical tradition in each country, the structure
of the royal family, and the specic circumstances and challenges they face in the eld of current aairs information.
Although the monarchy plays a symbolic role in Spain and the United Kingdom, neither engages in active institutional
communication to generate greater empathy, nor do they publicize their heirs, the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Asturias.
6.1. Limitations of the study and future lines of research
First, the selection of the work corpus was limited, focusing solely on ocial announcements published on the ocial websites
of both Royal Households over a period of one year. is sample may provide a somewhat limited view, as it would be useful
to complement it with the analysis of other aspects such as communication on social media or media impact. However, the
objective was to conduct research on a more specic aspect.
Secondly, the time period under study has also been a challenge. On the one hand, the death of Elizabeth II and the coronation
of Charles III have brought about changes in the structure of the royal family, so the period analyzed has also been a period of
adaptation for the Royal Family itself.
Furthermore, the extraordinary events experienced by the British Crown have led to a much more intense communication
activity by this dynasty, which may have generated greater dierences with the ocial information disseminated by the
Spanish monarchy.
For all these reasons, choosing a longer analysis period would be benecial to achieving more coherent and rigorous research
results, especially the communication made from the Zarzuela Palace following the worst catastrophe in Spain on October 29,
2024, in the province of Valencia, where the King and Queen were verbally reprimanded during a visit to the aected areas
in the municipality of Paiporta. Extending the study period and including this exceptional episode would allow access to a
greater amount of information, thereby achieving greater statistical robustness and greater representativeness.
Finally, the lack of prior studies comparing these characteristics between the two royal families has also been a limitation. In
this regard, numerous studies have been found exploring the relationship and treatment of both monarchies with the media.
However, few studies have been identied that compare the institutional communication of both monarchies. One of these is
the doctoral thesis by Gómez (2015), which compares the ocial websites of both monarchies.
In this sense, future research would be interested in considering a broader approach that addresses aspects such as social
media communication and determining whether it diers from traditional communication and adopts new languages,
themes, and narratives that could oer a renewed image of the institution and improve its popularity in popularity polls. is
would provide a more complete view of the institutional communication strategy of both monarchies and allow for a more
accurate comparison.
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 79
7. Acknowledgments
is article has been translated into English by Aisha Morgan to whom we are grateful for her work.
8. Specic contribution of each author
Name and surname
Conception and design of the workAnna López Ortega
Methodology
Anna López Ortega
Data collection and analysisAnna López Ortega
Discussion and conclusionsAnna López Ortega
Drafting, formatting, version review and approvalAnna López Ortega
9. Conict of interest
e author declares that there is no conict of interest contained in this article.
10. Bibliographic references
Alcoceba Hernando, J.A. (2010). Análisis de las notas de prensa institucionales y su visibilidad en la prensa.
Revista Latina de
Comunicación Social
,
1
(65), 334-367.
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-65-2010-904-354-367-EN
Billig, M. (1988). Common-places of the British Royal Family: A rhetorical analysis of plain and argumentative sense.
Text -
Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 8
(3), 191-217.
https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1988.8.3.191
Brunner, E. y Grande, R. (16 de noviembre de 2020). ¿Sobrevivirán las monarquías al siglo XXI?
EsGlobal
.
http://bit.ly/42PchfY
Burgueño, J.M. (2016).
Comunicación institucional para periodistas: Manual práctico de comunicación y relaciones pública.
Editorial UOC.
Canel, M. J. (1999).
Comunicación Política. Técnicas y estrategias para la sociedad de la información.
Tecnos.
Carratalá, A. (2014). El tratamiento de la Monarquía española en las viñetas de los medios digitales.
Dígitos: Revista de
Comunicación Digital
,
1
(127), 127-153.
https://doi.org/10.7203/rd.v0i1.7
Castello, A., Del Pino, C. y Ramos I. (2014). Twitter como canal de comunicación corporativa y publicitaria‖.
Comunicación y
Sociedad, 27
(2), 21-54.
https://doi.org/10.15581/003.27.35994
Consultora 40DB (2020).
Encuesta sobre la monarquía.
https://40db.es/actividad/estudios-para-el-pais/
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
80 |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
|
July-December of 2026
Communicating the monarchy in the 21st century: analysis of the press releases of the Spanish and British Royal House (2022)
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Cornelissen, J. (2008).
Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice.
Sage.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.
wbiecc143
Dolphin, R. (2001).
e fundamentals of corporate communication.
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Fernández, M. (2011).
Comunicación y reputación en empresas e instituciones. Experiencias profesionales y propuestas prácticas.
Universitas.
Gómez, J. (2015).
La comunicación institucional de la Casa Real española para la sociedad de la información
[Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid Repositorio.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/22093
La Base. (2021).
Herramientas de comunicación directa para instituciones públicas.
https://bit.ly/44bZ977
López, F. (2002). El análisis de contenido como método de investigación.
Revista de Educació
n,
1
(4), 167-179.
https://bit.ly/44KqTjs
López, G. y Valera, L. (2013). La información sobre la Monarquía española en los nuevos medios digitales:
Eldiario.es
y
Vozpopuli.
com
.
AdComunica, 6
(1), 65-81.
https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2013.6.5
López Talavera, M. y Bordonado Bermejo, M.J (2007).
Telebasura, ética y derecho: límites a la información de sociedad en televisión.
Fundación COSO de la Comunidad Valenciana para el Desarrollo de la Comunicación y la Sociedad.
Martín, F. (1998).
Comunicación empresarial e institucional
. Universitas.
Nogales Bocio, A. (2013).
Metodología empírico-periodística del análisis de contenido y su aplicación. Aproximación estructural
a la cobertura de los atentados del 11-M a través de El País, El Mundo, ABC y La Razón
. [Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Sevilla].
Universidad de Sevilla Repositorio.
https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/24401
Palacios Bañuelos, L. (2015). La monarquía española del “Juancarlismo” a Felipe VI.
La Albolaa: Revista de Humanidades y
Cultura, 1
(5), 191-208.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5270555
Real Academia Española. (s.f.). Casa Real. En
Diccionario de la lengua española
. Recuperado en 19 de febrero de 2025, de
https://dle.rae.es/casa?m=form#AhljVKa
Real Academia Española. (s.f.). Comunicación. En
Diccionario de la lengua española
. Recuperado en 19 de febrero de 2025, de
https://dle.rae.es/comunicación
Real Academia Española. (s.f.). Familia Real. En
Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico
. Recuperado en 19 de febrero de
2025, de
https://dpej.rae.es/lema/familia-real
Real Instituto Elcano. (2014).
Encuesta sobre opiniones, actitudes y expectativas de los españoles ante la sucesión monárquica
.
https://bit.ly/3S6JjTV
Rodrich, R. (2022). Fundamentos de la Comunicación Institucional: una aproximación histórica y conceptual de la profesión.
Revista De Comunicación
,
11
(1
),
212–234.
https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/2763
Rodríguez, R. y Ureña-Uceda, D. (2011).
Diez razones para el uso de Twitter como herramienta en la comunicación política y
electoral
. Universidad Pontica Comillas.
http://www.protocolodigital.es/2011/04/25/hay-un-protocolo-2-0/
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 43, pp. 59-81
July-December of 2026
Ana Isabel López Ortega
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 81
Shaw, A. (2022). Situational Crisis Communication eory and e British Royal Family.
Senior Honors eses
.
https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/honors/1204
Tinto, J.A. (2013). El análisis de contenido como herramienta de utilidad para la realización de una investigación descriptiva. Un
ejemplo de aplicación práctica utilizado para conocer las investigaciones realizadas sobre la imagen de marca de España y el
efecto país de origen.
Provincia, 29
(1), 135-173.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55530465007
Villanueva, A. (30 de diciembre de 2020).
Análisis de la comunicación institucional de la Corona Inglesa desde la serie e Crown.
https://lc.cx/zuEqJ8
Zugasti, R. (2006). La prensa de la transición como cómplice de Juan Carlos I: el ejemplo de la legitimidad franquista de la
Monarquía.
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, 1
(18), 299-319.
https://doi.org/10.5944/etfv.18.2006.3126
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>