Perceptions of articial intelligence applied to journalism in Spanish
podcasts: meta-journalistic discourse in audios on the radio, and in the
press and elds related to journalism
Percepción de la inteligencia articial aplicada al periodismo en los pódcasts
españoles: el discurso metaperiodístico en los audios de radio, prensa y ámbitos
vinculados al periodismo
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nº 42, pp. 21-45
| 21
January-June of 2026
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
Martín Sánchez, I. M. (2026). Perceptions of articial intelligence applied to journalism in Spanish podcasts: meta-journalistic discourse in
audios on the radio, and in the press and elds related to journalism.
Doxa Comunicación
, 42, pp. 21-45.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n42a2702
Isabel María Martín Sánchez.
Graduate and PhD in Information Sciences from the Complutense University of Madrid.
She is currently a Lecturer at that university and is accredited by ANECA as a Senior Lecturer. She teaches the subjects of
the History of Spanish Journalism, History of Journalism and History of Social Communication. She has twenty years of
teaching and research experience, during which she has directed a research project and participated in other competitive
projects with lines of research into the analysis of media discourse; history and memory; history and the media, and
contemporary political and social symbols. Moreover, for over ten years she was the director of the postgraduate degree
“Communication Cabinets and Social Media”. Her most recent research has focused on hate speech in the media and
the impact of articial intelligence on journalism. She was a guest speaker at the Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle Paris 3
conference and has completed several teaching and research stays at various European universities.
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0002-6400-8920
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License CC BY-NC 4.0
Recibido: 09/06/2024 - Aceptado: 29/10/2024 - En edición: 20/11/2024 - Publicado: 01/01/20226
Resumen:
La inteligencia articial aplicada al periodismo ha impulsado un dis
-
curso metaperiodístico que muestra el debate entre los profesionales de
la información en torno a los benecios y amenazas de esta tecnología.
Este artículo analiza la percepción de la inteligencia articial periodís
-
tica a través de los pódcast radiofónicos, de prensa, producidos por pod
-
casters y otros ámbitos vinculados al periodismo y el argumentario a fa
-
vor o en contra de la inteligencia articial. Pese a la reconocida utilidad
de esta herramienta para el desarrollo de diversas tareas periodísticas,
el estudio muestra la persistencia del recelo entre los profesionales ante
Received: 09/06/2024 - Accepted: 29/10/2024 - Early access: 20/11/2024 - Published: 01/01/20226
Abstract:
Articial intelligence applied to journalism has driven meta-
journalistic discourse that shows the debate among information
professionals concerning the benets and threats of the technology.
is paper analyses the perception of articial intelligence in
journalism through radio and newspaper podcasts, the output
of podcasters and in other elds related to journalism, as well as
the arguments for or against articial intelligence. Despite the
tool’s acknowledged usefulness for the performance of several of
journalists’ tasks, the study shows the persistence of wariness among
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1. Introduction
e debate concerning articial intelligence applied to journalism is relatively new, in line with its recent implementation in
the eld. Although news automation processes began in a rudimentary manner in the 1980s with the advance of computing
(Mondría, 2023), the rst robotic experiments in the eld of journalism date back to 2003, when the
Afghan Explorer
, a mobile
robot designed to carry out basic reporting tasks in the Afghan war, opened up the door to the replacement of journalists in
potentially dangerous conict zones (
El País,
2003). A qualitative leap came with the development of the Internet (Túñez
et al.,
2020), which favoured computational journalism (urman, 2019) through the development of software specic
to
automated content generation (
El País
, 2010). References to these advances in the Spanish media were episodic and came
from a futuristic perspective (Roberge
et al
., 2020). However, the 2014 use of articial intelligence for automated news writing
by the
Los Angeles Times
and the
Associated Press
fostered a meta-journalistic discourse about the impact of this technology on
journalism (Salaverría, 2015; Ufarte & Manfredi, 2019), something which has intensied with the emergence of intelligent or
deep-learning
systems (Túñez
et al
., 2021; Mondría, 2023), such as ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI (Gutiérrez-Caneda, 2023;
Lopezosa, 2023), or Gemini –by Google–. Improved versions of these tools pose new challenges, not only for the redenition
of the tasks performed by journalists (Túñez
et al
., 2020), but also in the approach to journalism from a social and ethical
perspective. e Spanish media have gone from ignorance of this new technology tecnología (Túñez
et al.,
2018) and reection
on the changes it could bring (Salazar, 2018) about to its acceptance (Mayoral
et al
., 2023), although its use has opened a debate
that transcends the replacement of humans by machines to pose other ethical questions about the truthfulness and reliability
of content and the areas of information control (Túñez
et al
., 2020) which reveal the persistence of an attitude of distrust
(Sánchez
et al
., 2023). e
2023 Professional Journalism Report
from the Madrid Association of Journalists revealed that 85% of
those surveyed were in favour of its regulation due to the ethical implications and to prevent its use to promote disinformation
(Europa Press, 2023). 96% deemed it necessary to identify for the audience that content generated by intelligent systems, in
line with the European Union AI Normative of March 13, 2024, point 120 of which establishes labelling as a transparency
measure for the use of
chatbots (European Parliament, 2024).
e benets of articial intelligence do not elude the threats that a sector of journalists warn about. However, the number of
Spanish media that use it is increasing (Túñez
et al
., 2021; Mayoral,
et al
. 2023), such as the Vocento group (Salazar, 2018; Ufarte
& Manfredi, 2019);
El Condencial
(Rojas & Toural, 2019); the EFE agency and RTVE
(Sánchez
et al
., 2023);
Radio Nacional de
su uso para promover la desinformación y el temor frente a la deshu
-
manización del periodismo. Este debate, no obstante, resulta adecuado
en un contexto de adaptación de los medios españoles, ya que permite
evaluar el impacto, compartir opiniones y experiencias, pero también
prevenir los riesgos que todo cambio tecnológico conlleva.
Palabras clave:
Inteligencia articial; periodismo; discurso metaperiodístico; pódcast;
España.
professionals due to its use in promoting disinformation and fear
of the dehumanisation of journalism. Nevertheless, the debate is
appropriate in the context of the Spanish media’s adaptation, since
it allows the impact to be evaluated, opinions and experiences to
be shared, but also helps forestall the risks that any technological
change entails.
Keywords:
Articial intelligence; journalism; meta-journalistic discourse;
podcast; Spain.
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España
(Bazán-Gil
et al
., 2020);
El País
and
Newtral
(Mondría, 2023) or Gabriele, an AI Narrative software that supplies news
to several Spanish media outlets (Ufarte & Manfredi, 2019).
Neither have the tremendous possibilities oered by this thriving technology gone unnoticed by the radio sector. e PRISA
group has introduced articial intelligence in dierent aspects of the journalistic process, such as fact-checking audio pieces,
through VericAudio, an application for detecting fake audios (PRISA, 2024), employed primarily in radio newsrooms; the
personalisation of content for the audience, through the Audio Data Sentiment (ADS) project, which analyses the public’s
emotions associated with audios in order to improve the listener’s experience, detect violent or unethical content, and adapt
advertising (Cadena SER, 2022); or the use of generative synthetic voice models, such as
Victoria
, which is employed on
the program
Carrusel Deportivo
and oers the listener personalised news through Alexa (Cadena SER, 2023). In the eld
of podcasting,
Prodigioso Volcán
has promoted collaborative initiatives between humans and articial intelligence for the
creation of audio ction stories, such as its podcast
Relatos Sintéticos
(Prodigioso Volcán, 2022)
.
In addition to this progressive increase in its use, scientic output on articial intelligence and journalism has grown
signicantly, especially since 2015 (Calvo & Ufarte, 2021; Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2021). In the case of Spain, several studies
have based their analysis on consultations of professionals in the eld of journalism (Túñez
et al
., 2021; Mondría, 2023;
Mayoral
et al
., 2023), on the treatment of chatbots
in the Spanish press (De Lara, 2022; Gómez-Calderón & Ceballos, 2024), on
the discourse of journalists on Twitter regarding articial intelligence and disinformation (Peña-Fernández
et al
., 2023), and
on media coverage of articial intelligence in journalism (Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2024).
Other international studies on media treatment of articial intelligence show the creation of a collective conception, forged
since the emergence of the technology (Scott, 2022) and how the British and North American media have constructed a
public discourse around its benets and threats (Chuan
et al
., 2019; Nguyen & Hekman, 2022). Public perception of articial
intelligence has been studied by Owsley & Greenwood (2022) in the United States, and by Sun
et al.
(2022) in China. Moran &
Jawaid Shaikh (2022) highlight the tension in the US between industry and journalists concerning the implementation of the
technology in the sector.
is work aims to contribute to the vision of articial intelligence applied to journalism through podcasts, a format that has
experienced a notable boom in recent years, following the consolidation of the Internet and media digitalisation (Alonso-
Fernández
et al
., 2022; Martín-Nieto
et al
., 2024) by attracting a segment of young and adult audiences up to 45 years of age
(Alonso-Fernández
et al
., 2022; García-Marín, 2018; Martín-Nieto
et al
., 2024; Martínez-Costa
et al
., 2019) who consume news
through mobile devices and streaming content
.
According to Statista (2024), the number of podcast listeners in Spain in 2023
exceeded three million. Traditional radio stations and newspapers have taken advantage of the trend, with the incorporation
of podcasts as a strategy to attract and retain audiences (Martínez-Costa
et al
., 2019).
e study is applied to audios from Spanish media (press and radio), as well as those created in other professional areas of the
Spanish podcast sphere (Gamir-Ríos and Cano-Orón, 2022), such as communication companies, podcasters, universities and
foundations aliated with the world of journalism.
In order to achieve the research objective, other specic objectives have been outlined, formulated from the following research
questions:
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1. Which media outlets dedicate most podcasts to articial intelligence in journalism?
2. What perception prevails within the benets-threats dichotomy of articial intelligence in journalism?
3. What is the predominating argument in its perception as a benet or as a threat?
2. Methodology
A retrospective search was carried out from 2014 to May 2024, the former year being when an increase in news related to
the application of articial intelligence to journalism was detected (Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2024). e monitoring has been
carried out in three areas: press, radio, and the “podcast sphere”
and elds related with journalism, through the websites of
national non-specialised newspapers, which allow topic-based searches for audios, those corresponding to radio stations and
digital audio platforms. Google search has also been employed, which has allowed the completion of results with podcasts
from regional newspapers and with audio pieces corresponding to entities close to the eld of journalism, those whose
audios are available on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iVoox and Spreaker. A combination of words has been utilised for the search,
namely: “articial intelligence” and “journalism”; “journalistic articial intelligence”, “ChatGPT” and “journalism”. One of
the limitations of this study is the inability to detect audio pieces whose title or summary do not include the search terms
employed. However, the sample is considered to be representative in terms of both the quantity and plurality of the relevant
Spanish podcasts’ elds of origin.
Table 1 lists the media consulted for the podcast analysis, in which three categories have been distinguished: radio stations;
press, both national and regional - among which only one podcast from
El Correo
(Bilbao)
was found that deals with the
subject analysed; and a third category in which audios produced by podcast journalists; educational/academic institutions
and professional entities, close to the world of journalism, have been compiled.
Table 1. Media analysed classied by categories
Radio Station Podcasts
SER
COPE
Onda Zero
RNE (national broadcaster)
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Press Podcasts
ABC
El Condencial
El Correo (Bilbao)
elDiario.es
El Español
El Independiente
El Mundo
El País
La Razón
Público
Podcasters
YslaMac
Caviar
e Coee
Traveltech
Growth Hacking Course
Educational/academic entities
Onda Universitaria (Universidad Francisco de Vitoria)
RadiUS (Universidad de Sevilla)
Professional entities
Laboratorio de Periodismo (Fundación Luca de Tena)
Source: created by the author
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
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After listening to all the audios obtained, those with content related to articial intelligence and journalism were selected. ere
are 88 units in the nal balance, catalogued in an Excel database drawn up for each category analysed, and in which numerous
elds have been established to ease quantitative and qualitative study (Table 2): media outlet, date, podcast title, digital link,
news program/section, platform, presenters, guests/participants, duration, genre (interview, roundtable, reportage, tests
with articial intelligence applications, etc.); main/secondary topic, perception of articial intelligence (Chuan
et al.
, 2019)
in content: positive (benets), negative (threats) or combination of both (benets-threats); and argumentation within each
perception, classied according to the arguments propounded by various authors.
Table 2. Fields for quantitative and qualitative analysis
Digital radio
audios
Press
Podcast
Podcasters
Educational/
academic
entities
Professional
entities
Radio station
Newspaper
Podcast Name
Medium
Podcast Name
Medium
Date
Podcast Title
Digital link
News program/ section
Platform
Presenters/hosts
Participants/guests
Duration
Genre/Style
Main/secondary theme
Perception (positive/
negative/both)
Argumentation
Source: created by the author
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e following aspects have been distinguished within the vision of AI as a threat:
–
Disinformation/image manipulation/fake news/manipulation (Peña Fernández
et al.
, 2023).
–
Violation of intellectual property/copyright (Díaz Noci, 2023).
–
Job losses (Carlson, 2015; Kirley, 2016; Kim & Kim, 2018).
–
Ethical limits/racial, classist or sexist biases (Ferrante, 2021).
–
Lack of transparency regarding the sources used/authorship of the texts (Pauner Chulvi, 2023).
–
Dehumanisation of the news product/loss of quality of content due to the absence of human qualities in articial intelligence,
such as humour, irony, critical and interpretive capacity or creativity (Diakopoulos, 2019; Murcia & Ufarte, 2019).
–
Loss of control over articial intelligence (Salaverría, 2018).
–
Control of information by large corporations/commercial use of journalism/news (Whittaker, 2019).
–
Lack of regulation (González & Sanahuja, 2023; Helberger & Diakopoulos, 2023).
–
Within the positive vision, the units analysed have been grouped into the following aspects:
–
Fact-checking (Flores, 2019; Manfredi & Ufarte, 2020; Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2021; Newman, 2022).
–
Task automation/optimisation of journalists’ work (Salazar, 2018; Túñez
et al
. 2018; Ufarte
et al.
, 2021; Mondría, 2023).
–
Audience analysis and monitoring/detection of topics of interest to the audience/personalisation of content (Cham Olmsted,
2019).
–
Opportunity for modernisation of journalism/search for new products (Túñez
et al.
, 2021; Pérez-Seijo
et al
., 2023; Lopezosa
et al
., 2024).
Furthermore, given the varied origins of the audio pieces, analysis has been applied by categories: digital audio from radio
programmes; press podcasts and podcasts from entities related to the eld of journalism.
3. Results
Table 3 shows the distribution of digital audios that address AI and journalism by radio station and year. is is the medium
with the largest number of pieces and the one which oers the greatest variety, both by subjects covered and in terms of styles
and types of collaborators.
Most podcasts consist of fragments of programmes, selected by monographic topic (articial intelligence, in this case),
processed and edited for streaming and
made available in an archive. e user can access the audio content by searching by
topic, programme or using the tag “podcast”.
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Table 3. Distribution of radio audios by year. e search was carried out until May 2024,
therefore this year’s data corresponds to that date
202220232024Total
Radio Station Podcast
SER
49114
COPE19423
Onda Cero
112518
RNE11
56
Source: created by the author
e podcasts were concentrated between 2022 and 2024, although the largest number was recorded in 2023. One of the
reasons for that is the focus of audios on the launch of articial intelligence applications that directly aect information and
journalism, such as Open AI‘s ChatGPT in November 2022; Gemini and Bard, its counterpart on Google, or image creation
and modication programs, such as Midjourney and Sora, both by Open AI, which also entered the market between 2022 and
2024. Most podcasts focused on the impact of these systems on journalism and the news. In addition to the informative and
journalistic interest of these new applications, the other reason for the concentration of units in this period was the then recent
incorporation and consolidation of this type of format in the media analysed; especially, in radio and in the press. Although
there had been digitalised radio sound pieces in radio archives since 2005, it was not until ten years later that content began
to be processed for on-demand consumption (Alonso-Fernández
et al
., 2022), through the editing of programme fragments or
news segmented by subject matter for online listening
through their websites and, later, on podcast platforms.
As shown in Table 3, COPE stood out not only for oering the largest number of pieces, but also for experimenting with articial
text generation and voice simulation applications, as discussed below. Onda Cero also stood out for the quantity and variety
of its audios, followed by Cadena SER. e PRISA group, in alliance with WePod and with the collaboration of other European
media outlets, announced the launch in April 2024 of a thematic series entitled “AI and you” to explain the technology to the
general public (Cadena SER, 2024). However, most of the audios analysed on this station correspond to radio programmes
broadcast and stored in archives for on-demand consumption by users, except for
Hora 25. Negocios
, hosted by Javier Ruiz,
developed expressly as a podcast (Alonso-Fernández
et al
., 2022). Articial intelligence and journalism have been the subject
of analysis and reection in the station’s regular programming, both in the magazines
Hoy por Hoy (
Àngels Barceló) and
La Ventana
(Carles Francino), as well as in specialised culture programs (
La Hora Extra
) or, as a part of
A vivir que son dos
días
, in the discussion show presented by Juan José Millás,
Las edades de Millás. Hoy por Hoy
’s territorial programming also
included roundtable shows and interviews on the topic. It is worth highlighting
Hoy por Hoy’s
specialised section
Tecnología
,
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with monographs dedicated to articial intelligence with Jaime García Cantero, a specialist in the eld, which oer in-depth
analysis of questions directly related to radio, such as ChatGPT’s ability to write radio scripts or the possibilities oered by
synthetic voice applications.
e same formula is repeated in the cases of COPE and Onda Cero. However, in the former there are some variants, consisting
of short audio clips from news programmes, in which a brief interview with an expert takes place, a concise opinion is voiced
in the form of a column by the presenter, or clips from programmes are selected with journalists’ voices cloned by articial
intelligence. In-depth treatment was provided in the podcasts by their usual magazines:
Herrera en la
COPE (Carlos Herrera),
La Linterna
(Paco Delgado and Ángel Expósito),
La Tarde
(Pilar García Muñiz),
Poniendo las calles
(José Manuel Nieto) or
Lo que viene
(José Ángel Cuadrado), a programme expressly dedicated to technology. It was also treated monographically
in extracts from news programmes, such as
Mediodía
COPE (Pilar Abad; Pilar Cisneros and Jorge Abad) or
Noticias n de
semana
(Cristina López Schlichting), through interviews with an expert. Onda Cero put out podcasts on articial intelligence
and journalism which also consisted of the selection of monographic fragments from broadcast programmes, edited in audio
format and oered in a catalogue that allows thematic searches and by the tag “podcast”. Here, pieces of their magazines
Julia
en la onda
(Julia Otero),
Más de uno
(Carlos Alsina)
and
La rosa de los vientos
(Bruno Cardeñosa and Silvia Casasola), are to be
found, in addition to other regional programs such as
Nits de Ràdio
with David Cervelló. On the other hand, only one podcast
has been found on Radio Nacional de España (RNE), corresponding to the program
Gente despierta
, by Carles Mesa. e
majority of radio audios therefore consist of content from their broadcast programs processed for streaming
.
is explains the
breadth of pieces on the radio compared to the scarcity of those found in the press, where the main product is text, therefore
podcasts are complementary formats to delve deeper into topical issues.
Table 4 shows the distribution of podcasts in the press by newspaper and year:
Table 4. Distribution of press podcasts. e search was conducted up to May 2024, therefore this year’s data corresponds to that date
202220232024Total
Press Podcast
ABC
11
El Condencial
11
El Correo
(Bilbao)11
elDiario.es
213
El Español
11
El Independiente
11
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El Mundo
1113
El País
167
La Razón
11
Público
22
21
Source: created by the author
e production of podcasts by the press regarding articial intelligence and journalism was also concentrated between 2022
and 2024, with an increase in pieces in 2023. As in the case of radio, news and journalistic interest generated by the appearance
of articial intelligence applications directly related to the news was joined by the novel incorporation of podcasts as a format
in digital newspapers.
ABC
and
El País
saw the rst micro-newsletters gave way to content edited for podcasts from 2021, when
they were extended to all digital newspapers (Martínez Otón
et al
., 2022).
However, within the non-specialised press there are also dierences regarding the coverage of articial intelligence in
journalism through podcasts,
El País
standing out in this area with seven pieces dedicated to this topic in its
Hoy en El País
section. Ana Fuentes and Íñigo Domínguez are the presenters, with specialised journalists taking part, either in technology,
such as Manuel Pascual and Jordi Pérez Colomé; or in similar elds, such as science (Raúl Limón) or data journalism, with
Kiko Llaneras. Although the treatment of articial intelligence is approached from a general perspective, the analysis in these
podcasts tends towards those aspects that positively or negatively aect journalism and news management.
e other two newspapers worthy of mention for their treatment of the subject in their podcast sections are
El Mundo
,
in
El Mundo al día
(Javier Attard)
,
and
elDiario.es
,
in its
Al día
section (Juan Luis Sánchez), which dedicated three pieces
respectively to the topic.
Público
dedicated a series entitled IA
Desvelada,
presented by Joaquín Peña, a professor specialising
in digitalisation and articial intelligence, made up of of eight episodes available on YouTube, two of which made reference to
this technology in journalism, with particular emphasis on the virtues and threats of ChatGPT in the news eld.
El Correo
is the
only regional newspaper that covered this subject in one of its podcasts entitled
Foco
, hosted by Marta Madruga, and in which,
as will be shown later, it gauges the positive and negative aspects of the technology.
In a third category (Table 5), podcasts from journalism-related elds (professional entities, academic environments) and
podcasting journalists have been grouped together, albeit in a dierentiated manner. Although these are totally dierent areas
from the previous two, it is equally interesting to know the perspective that these agents of news oer their audience, generally
made up of followers of podcast-producing journalists in the rst subgroup; students, potential journalists and university
professors in the second; and in the third, journalism and communication professionals. Despite their disparity and being a
minority, they share an interest in the emergence of articial intelligence in journalism.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
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Table 5. Distribution of podcasts by producers and years. e search was conducted up to May 2024,
therefore this year’s data corresponds to that date
202220232024Total
Professional, educational entities and podcasters
Podcasters
YslaMac112
Caviar11
e Coee
11
Traveltech11
Growth Hacking Course
11
Educational entities
Onda Universitaria
112
RadiUS11
Professional entities
Laboratorio de Periodismo
22
Source: created by the author
Two audios by podcasters must be mentioned at this point, one by
Amador Cámara, journalist and creator of the YslaMac
website - available on Apple Podcasts -, and the other by Carlos Fité and Joan Martín, directors of the podcast entitled Caviar.
ree other audios have been selected because they consist of interviews with journalists focused on articial intelligence and
journalism: e Coee, by the writer Mauricio Cabrera, which includes an interview with Kiko Llaneras, a data journalist for
El País
; Traveltech, by Aron Abarca, CEO of the online
tourism agency Gran Voyage, and whose podcast oers the perspective
of travel journalist Juanda Núñez; and
Growth Hacking Course,
by Jean-Noel Saunier
,
creator of the marketing
company of the
same name, and whose product has also been included in this study due to the interest oered by the interview with Beatriz
Lizarraga, head of digital projects and innovation for the digital newspaper
ABC.
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e second group in this category is made up of two podcasts by journalist and professor Javier de la Rosa, produced by
the Universidad Francisco de Vitoria and available on Spreaker, and a third piece, produced by the Universidad de Sevilla
radio station, available on iVoox and which includes an interview with Luis Mauricio Calvo, a journalist and professor at the
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. e last group includes two podcasts developed by the Laboratorio de Periodismo of the
Fundación Luca de Tena, hosted by journalist Lluís Cucarella and posted on Spotify.
e singularity of the set of podcasts in this section is that, unlike those linked to radio and the press which combine pieces
dedicated specically to articial intelligence and journalism with other generic pieces, whose references to the eects on
journalism are secondary, independent podcasts focus specically on how the tool aects journalism; that is, they are audio
pieces whose monographic subject matter is articial intelligence and journalism.
ere is also considerable diversity in terms of genres and styles of content presentation (Martín-Nieto
et al
., 2024; Martínez-
Costa
et al
., 2019; Martínez Otón
et al
., 2022), although, as mentioned above, radio podcasts are more varied, since they
reproduce the characteristics of this medium by dealing with extracts of programs selected to be listened to as podcasts.
However, despite the podcasts’ diering origins, there is little stylistic dierence in the audios, their narrative resources being
highly varied. Roundtables and interviews predominate, with the participation of, in addition to journalists, experts from
numerous elds: computer engineers, writers, advertising announcers, psychologists, philosophers, lawyers, businesspeople
and neuroscientists. e dierentiating resource in the radio podcasts is experimentation with articial intelligence
applications, consisting of interviews with ChatGPT to see how it works, or with voice simulation programmes, to show the
scope of the technology in this eld.
Regarding the titles of the audios, 26 (representing 29.5% of the total number of pieces analysed) made direct reference to
articial intelligence and journalism. e digital audios of radio stations stand out in this regard, with 16 headlines focused
on the topic, followed by the podcasts catalogued in the third category, expressly dedicated to analysing the application of
this technology to journalism, so the headlines are consistent with the content of the audios. Only one specic headline was
recorded in the press. e rest of the titles of the audios, 62 (70,5%), contained a generic title. e latter include podcasts
dedicated to articial intelligence in general, in which dierent aspects of the technology are confronted - including those that
aect journalism - therefore the treatment of journalism as a topic is secondary. Some titles denote the focus of the topic: “e
challenge we face with Articial Intelligence: How to know what’s true and what’s false?” (Annex I); “How Articial Intelligence
can manipulate this photo to depict a situation very dierent from what you see”; “Learning to use articial intelligence as
another tool in a journalist’s arsenal”; “Does AI endanger the profession of journalist and communicator?”; “How to protect
ourselves from deepfakes and
AI misinformation”.
One notable aspect is the use of the terms “robot” and “machine” to refer to articial intelligence, which appear repeatedly in
ten podcasts and shows the persistence of the conception created around this technology (Scott, 2022).
ere is also great variety in the length of the audios. e average is twenty-two minutes, but the podcasts range from in-depth
interviews of over sixty minutes to opinion columns of just two.
Regarding the perception of articial intelligence in the podcasts analysed, Table 6 shows the vision in the radio audios:
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Table 6. Perception of articial intelligence through radio podcasts
PositiveNegativeBenets/reats
Radio Station Podcast
SER
185
COPE11012
Onda Cero
117
RNE1
Total22925
Source: created by the author
According to these results, the dual vision predominates of articial intelligence as a useful tool for journalism but also as
one that entails threats. e attitude of rejection prevails above all in the audios of Onda Cero and Cadena SER, despite
the implementation of articial intelligence applications developed in the radio realm of the PRISA group. COPE oered a
balanced vision, as well as a piece in favour of the journalistic use of articial intelligence. e tests used as a resource to show
the scope of this tool in the news eld are especially important. On COPE, for example, the Risa Group, made up of journalists
David Miner, Óscar Blanco and Fernando Echeverría, carried out two simulations of voices that imitated Juanma Castaño
and Manolo Lama (Annex I) in which, in a humorous tone, they demonstrated the ease of manipulating the voices of public
gures with false statements. e experiment was also oered as a double-edged sword, with Carlos Alsina: on one hand the
ability of articial intelligence to replace the presenter by cloning his voice, on the other the lack of human qualities, such as
the interpretation of data, irony, or a sense of humour. As will be discussed below, the loss of jobs in the radio sector or the use
of articial intelligence to manipulate voices and generate misinformation are seen as among the most worrying threats for
professionals in the medium.
Table 7 provides the analysis of press podcasts, where once again a balanced view predominates of the benets and risks of
articial intelligence to journalism.
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Table 7. Perception of articial intelligence through podcasts newspapers
PositiveNegativeBenets/reats
Press Podcast
ABC
1
El Condencial
1
El Correo
(Bilbao)1
elDiario.es
3
El Español
1
El Independiente
1
El Mundo
21
El País
25
La Razón
1
Público
11
Total1614
Source: created by the author
El Independiente,
despite only featuring one podcast hosted by José Antonio Gelado (IntependienTech” #15, December 11,
2023) on articial intelligence and journalism, is the only one that oers a complete overview of the benets of applying the
technology.
El Condencial
and
El Español
point out the two sides of articial intelligence in their podcasts, despite also
being media that are utilising articial intelligence applications: the former has AnaFut, a
bot
for the automatic generation of
sports chronicles (Rojas & Toural, 2019) and the latter has been oering its subscribers an audio-reading service created by an
intelligent system since 2022 (
El Español
, 2022). is is also the case for
El País
which has, among others, articial intelligence
tools for product personalisation (Mondría, 2023), but which highlights the threats of this technology in two of its podcasts,
although it also highlights its potential in ve others. e negative perception predominates in the case of
El Mundo
podcasts,
which support arguments related to the use of articial intelligence to promote disinformation and the manipulation or opacity
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
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of the control of this technology by large corporations and the consequent risk that this entails for freedom of expression. ese
ideas, as discussed below, form part of the journalistic argument against articial intelligence.
Within the third category, a dual perspective on the positive and negative aspects of the use of this technology in the eld of
journalism again prevails, as shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Perception of articial intelligence through podcasts from other elds related to journalism
PositiveNegativeBenets/reats
Podcasters
YslaMac2
Caviar1
e Coee
1
Traveltech1
Growth Hacking Course
1
Educational/academic entities
Onda Universitaria
11
RadiUS1
Professional entities
Laboratorio de Periodismo
2
Total326
Source: created by the author
YslaMac by journalist Amador Cámara stands out with its two contributions giving a negative assessment, from an approach
that summarised all the arguments against the technology (Table 9). e professor and journalist Javier de la Rosa oered
a more positive perspective, displaying in one of the Onda Universitaria podcasts (2024) the option of developing a radio
bulletin with articial voices to demonstrate its usefulness in strictly informative genres. Tests with ChatGPT were another
of the common resources employed in the podcasts classied in this section, with varying conclusions: negative (making up
facts, sexist biases) or positive (improved writing, structuring of texts, choice of headline).
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Despite the dierent categories based on origin, if we conceptualise the units within the digital audio sector as a whole, 51% of
the podcasts analysed oered a balance between benets and risks. However, the number of pieces with a negative view of the
technology is quite signicant: 37, which represents 42% of the total units in the group. Only six podcasts defended the benets
of articial intelligence in journalism.
is shows that, as with the emergence of any new technology, the journalistic debate revolves around its proper use.
Specically in this case the debate concerns lingering fears of the improper use of articial intelligence, and the expectation
about its future development and improvement, the eects of which are as yet unknown due to its recent emergence, but
whose application in those media that are using AI is proving to be of great use.
In relation to the arguments that support this debate, it should be noted that most podcasts included more than one reasoning
within each perception (positive/negative). is implies that a single news piece can be classied into dierent sections. e
objective is to show which of the aspects in favour of or against articial intelligence in journalism are the most recurrent.
Table 9. Negative perception of articial intelligence in journalism. Argumentation about threats in the podcasts analysed, by category
Radio
audios
Press
podcast
Podcasters
Educational
entities
Professional
entities
Total
Disinformation/Dissemination of fake news/
Manipulation of images and audios
411721263
Dehumanisation of the news product (lack of
humour, irony, ability to interpret and human
qualities) / Loss of quality of journalism
10321117
Lack of ethical values/Racial, classist and
sexist biases
1031216
Job losses in journalism
84315
Lack of regulation
51015
Control of the news by large corporations/
Commercial use of news
621211
Violation of intellectual property/copyright
621110
Lack of transparency regarding the sources
used or the authorship of the content
44
Loss of control over articial intelligence
21 3
Source: created by the author
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Table 9 shows that the main objection to articial intelligence in all categories is its use in promoting fake news and
disinformation through the manipulation of images and videos. at is the hegemonic argument in the world of radio, based on
the idea of articial intelligence’s ability to imitate one of the essential elements of the news, the human voice. e experiments
carried out with articial intelligence applications sought to warn about the possibility of manipulating the voices of public
gures to generate disinformation, along with the feasibility of replacing announcers, which is another of the aspects that
arouses the greatest distrust among journalists in the media and which falls under the section concerning fear of job losses in
the sector. is was stated, for example, by Carlos Alsina in one of the podcasts on the technology, from his program
Más de
uno
, in which he recognised that “articial intelligence is usually talked about in the media from the point of view of suspicion”,
especially “among those of us who fear losing our jobs as soon as articial intelligence knows how to make a radio program,
which it is already doing” (Annex I). Likewise, there were warnings that the utilisation of the tool to promote disinformation
may have disastrous consequences, not only in the eld of journalism, through the loss of credibility and the disaection of
society with the media, but also in the political sphere, through the destabilisation of democracies and the suppression of
ideological and informational plurality.
e second argument that stands out is the dehumanisation of the news and the loss of quality in journalism. is aspect,
moreover, is shown as the loophole whereby articial intelligence will not be able to replace journalists, under the premise that
the technology lacks such qualities as irony, humour or the ability to interpret facts (Diakopoulos, 2019). e dehumanisation
of journalism is also related to the next most prominent negative aspect in the podcasts analysed, the absence of ethical
criteria and the biases detected in the use of the technology. e loss of jobs and the lack of regulation are at the same level
within the potential threats, followed by the suspicions aroused by the role of large tech corporations in the development of
the technology, through multi-million-dollar investment. However, the lack of regulation of this new technology was one of
the aspects that the press podcasts warned of most frequently, a call being made for the drawing-up of regulations to ensure its
proper use. is attitude of distrust was also supported by the illicit use of journalistic texts to train and feed generative articial
intelligence applications, without the consent of newspapers and journalists. e opacity of the sources utilised and the loss
of control over this technology occupy the last places amongst the arguments against it, which sometimes oer an apocalyptic
vision of the tool’s potential danger. Jordi Pérez Colomé, a journalist from
El País
specialising in technology, summarised this
attitude in one of the podcasts with the expression “fear of the unknown” (
El País
, 2022).
e theses against articial intelligence were also more varied than those supporting the benets of its use in journalism, as
shown in Table 10:
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Table 10. Positive perception of articial intelligence in journalism.
Argumentation about its benets in the podcasts analysed, by category
Radio
audios
Press
podcast
Podcasters
Educational
entities
Professional
entities
Total
Automation of tasks/Optimisation of
journalists’ work
171234238
Opportunity for modernisation of journalism/
Creation of new products
251311
Audience analysis and monitoring/Selection
of topics of interest to the audience/Content
personalisation
314
Verifying sources and news/Detecting fake news
3 3
Source: created by the author
Table 10 shows that the main idea in favour of articial intelligence in all categories is its usefulness as a tool to help and
improve journalists’ work, from the automated generation of texts, which is its most widespread use, to its application in
journalists’ varied tasks, with a broad description that covers massive data analysis (big data), text translation, transcription
of interviews and videos, image generation, optimisation of writing, creation of radio program theme songs or voiceovers
employing synthesised voices. Articial intelligence also appears as a technology that can promote a benecial transformation
for journalism, by driving modernisation in the sector –similar to what the emergence of the internet and the move to the
digital model meant at the time– along with the opportunity to create new products. To this end, press podcasts, in particular,
highlighted the ability of articial intelligence to conduct audience surveys and detect subjects of interest that allow the
development of personalised products. e absence of any references to these uses in the world of radio is striking, it being
an area where tools for audience segmentation are already being applied, such as the aforementioned Audio Data Sentiment
(ADS)
project
by the PRISA group. Another aspect that was defended in the press podcasts is its usefulness in counteracting
one of its main eects, such as misinformation and fake news, through the fact-checking of data and sources. ere are
several podcasts in which the need for constant supervision of automated journalistic tasks was stressed, which denotes an
absolute lack of condence in the technology. However, the need for the media to encourage professionals to train in articial
intelligence is emphasised in order to exploit its enormous potential.
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4. Discussion and conclusions
Despite the long history of the application of articial intelligence to various elds (Salazar, 2018), its extension to journalism
has come more recently and has been closely linked to the development of computing and the Internet (Túñez
et al.
, 2020).
Nevertheless, its implementation in the Spanish media has enough of a track record to permit a perspective analysis that
shows its applications, proposals and attitudes among news professionals. Since the beginning of the millennium, news
items have been detected speaking of the rst steps of the technology in journalism. However, the formidable development
of articial intelligence over the last ten years has led to a debate within journalism about the usage and threats of this new
tool. e debate has intensied, especially since 2023, and particularly in podcasts, due to the emergence of programmes such
as ChatGPT (Gutiérrez, 2023; Lopezosa, 2023; Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2024), Gemini, Midjurney or Sora, and the manifest
ability of articial intelligence to modify images, imitate voices and sounds and generate text autonomously. e extraordinary
progress of all these developments over a short period of time has fostered their conception as disruptive technology, since the
media are being forced to adapt quickly and introduce new dynamics into their professional methodologies (Túñez
et al
., 2021;
Pérez-Seijo
et al.
, 2023; Lopezosa
et al.
, 2024). e debate is very similar to that which arose with the appearance of the Internet
and the digital transformation that the sector experienced only recently. However, this time the variants are dierent, since,
if the previous technological revolution fundamentally aected the business model, the current one poses other dilemmas of
ethical and social signicance.
Radio oers the largest number and greatest variety of audios related to articial intelligence and journalism within the podcast
format and shows that this is a recurring subject in its content. at does not mean that it is the area showing most interest in
the topic, since it is also present in other media (Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2024), but it does mean that, for the public that prefers
podcasts for their news, radio is the medium that sets the trend in relation to perceptions of the technology in its application
to journalism.
El País
alone
stands out among the press in terms of audios dedicated to the issue, although a long way short
of what radio oers. at is because radio utilises its main product and transforms it into a podcast, thus also facilitating the
search by programs, subjects or through the tag “podcast”, as well as the option of nding them in the catalogues of the main
digital audio platforms (Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Podimo, Podium, Google Podcasts, Spreaker or YouTube). e diversication
of radio consumption formats has brought about an expansion of its reach, both among the traditional audience, listeners
of live radio, and consumers of streaming audios. e diversication of news in the press has also received a notable boost
in recent years. However, the treatment of the issue of articial intelligence and journalism stands out in its main format,
which is text (Parratt-Fernández
et al
., 2024). It must be considered that, despite a lesser representation of the subject in
press podcasts, the use of the digital audio format is used to delve into current aairs of great newsworthiness, which implies
that, for professionals in the written media, articial intelligence and journalism bring together enough interest to be treated
specically through complementary products which allow their analysis to be extended.
As regards the audio pieces in the third category, despite the diverse origin of the podcasts, the common denominator is the
specic treatment of the subject, with audios expressly dedicated to the application of the tool to journalism which highlight
the special attention articial intelligence has aroused among professional journalists and in the eld of academic training.
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Most podcasts, as a whole, address the impact of this technology on journalism in depth, adopting a reective and analytical
perspective and utilising specialised sources to present dierent approaches. Radio podcasts are the ones that most commonly
resort to
in situ
demonstrations of the use of articial intelligence through voice or text generation software
to show its negative
or positive potential. However, despite the notable presence of journalistic articial intelligence in the news agenda, it did
not stand out as a priority topic, except in the podcasts in the last category. Radio and press audios in which it appeared as a
secondary issue predominate, within pieces generally dedicated to articial intelligence.
As for perceptions of the application of this technology to journalism and news, a balanced view prevails in all categories
concerning the benets and threats, although the number of pieces with a negative perception is quite signicant, especially
on the radio, where greater concern about the potential dangers of this new technology is revealed through its audios. e
negative view is also quite prevalent in the press, while it is a minority in podcasts classied in the third category. e data is
striking since, despite the implementation of articial intelligence in journalism and its proven usefulness, there is still mistrust
regarding the challenges and threats it may represent for this sector. It is clear, however, that journalists distinguish between
professional use of the technology, with all its benets, and the use that may be made in spheres other than journalism, such
as politics or economics, which is the basis of one of their main arguments against the tool, and they therefore assign any
responsibility for the potentially harmful eects of this technological development to those other spheres.
Qualitative analysis shows that, within the arguments about the negative perception of articial intelligence in journalism
through podcasts, the fear of improper use of articial intelligence to promote disinformation and the spread of fake news
stands out in all categories, an argument that has gained ground among professionals, especially from 2023 onwards, more
than the loss of jobs, which at rst represented the essential misgiving (Túñez
et al
., 2021). ere is also agreement on the
second unfavourable aspect of articial intelligence, which is the dehumanisation of the news, a vision that is closely linked
to the ethical and social conception of journalism, and which also results in a loss of quality in journalism. at is the second
most frequent argument in radio podcasts, which utilise tests with imitations of the voices of well-known announcers as a
resource to demonstrate the inability of articial intelligence to replicate the humour, irony or empathy of those being imitated.
Another warning related to the idea of dehumanisation that stands out from the eld concerns the risk of discrimination due
to the dissemination of biased texts created by intelligent systems. at gures in all podcast categories, as indeed does the
warning about the lack of ethical values. Within negative perceptions, concern about the lack of regulation is of interest, such
perceptions manifesting above all through press podcasts, which show the fear among professionals in the print media about
the uncontrolled use of this technology and the opacity regarding the control of information by large technology corporations
for unknown purposes.
As regards positive perceptions, there is a consensus about its usefulness in aspects such as task automation and optimisation
of journalists’ tasks, this being seen as the most highly-valued element, with a great wealth of applications, followed by the
opportunity oered by articial intelligence to modernise journalism and create new products.
However, most podcasts address articial intelligence in journalism from both positive and negative perspectives, so the
debate is chiey focused on the proper or improper use of the technology. In this sense, there is a diversity of opinions
among journalists, as shown by the survey carried out by Mayoral
et al
. (2023), in which a large majority of those interviewed
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expressed a favourable opinion of articial intelligence, and which reveals the disparity of sensibilities that exist around the
issue (Nguyen & Hekman, 2022).
It would be interesting to extend this analysis to other media such as television. Similarly, it would be pertinent to carry
out comparative research, by contrasting the meta-journalistic discourse in dierent countries to understand the varying
sensitivities of professionals with respect to the implementation of articial intelligence in journalism.
5. Acknowledgements
is article has been translated into English by Brian O’Halloran to whom we are grateful for his work.
e paper is part of project PR3/23-30837, “Application of articial intelligence to journalism: professional challenges and
implications for content, audiences and training”, funded by the Complutense University of Madrid.
6. Conict of interest
e author declares that there is no conict of interest contained in this article.
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8. Annex
Annex I. List of podcasts cited in the analysis
Medium
Podcast Title
Date
Program of origin
Link
Radio podcasts
COPE
Juanma Castaño listens to how articial
intelligence makes his program and this
happens: “Last season”
12/10/2023
El Partidazo de
COPE
https://bit.ly/3VibtwD
COPE
Paco González reacts to the latest AI
creation: “If you are driving…”
09/23/2023
Tiempo de Juego
https://bit.ly/3XgIxrk
COPE
e challenge we face with Articial
Intelligence: How to know what is true and
what is false?
06/17/2023
Fin de Semana
https://bit.ly/3VcZr7x
COPE
is is how Articial Intelligence can
manipulate this photo to reect a situation
very dierent from what you see
04/04/2023
Lo que viene
https://bit.ly/4c5E9QN
Onda Cero
How to protect ourselves from AI deepfakes
and misinformation?
03/15/2024News/Economicshttps://bit.ly/3VhG6SK
Onda Cero
Does AI endanger the profession of journalist
and communicator?
02/29/2024
Nits de radio
https://bit.ly/4cco1fE
Onda Cero
Diego Martínez: “Our challenge is to
ensure that AI is developed ethically and
responsibly.”
02/14/2024
Más de uno
https://bit.ly/3yUSuAH
Onda Cero
Learning to use articial intelligence as
another tool in a journalist’s arsenal
07/31/2023
Más de uno
https://bit.ly/3xbDcXJ
Onda Cero
Articial Intelligence makes Más de uno
03/02/2023
Más de uno
https://bit.ly/3Xjav5N
Press Podcast
El PaísHow to clone a voice
?11/16/2022
Podcast.
Hoy en
El País
https://bit.ly/3VvwZiO
Podcast of educational/academic entities
Onda Univer
-
sitaria
Newsletter with AI neural voices
01/03/2024
Francisco de Vitoria
University
https://bit.ly/3RkziCJ
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