Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination
channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
and
Informativos Telecinco
Descripción y análisis del uso de WhatsApp como canal de difusión de noticias:
el caso de Antena 3 Noticias e Informativos Telecinco
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
| 53
July-December of 2025
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
Cortés Quesada, J. A. and Abellán Guzmán, C. (2025). Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the
case of
Antena 3 Noticias
and
Informativos Telecinco
.
Doxa Comunicación
, 41, pp. 53-71.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n41a2724
José Antonio Cortés Quesada.
Doctorate in Social Communication (
cum laude
) and Graduate in Communication
and Advertising and Public Relations. Master’s in Digital Marketing and Teacher Training. PhD Assistant Professor
accredited by ANECA. Academic Coordinator of the Marketing Degree at the International University of La Rioja (UNIR).
Specialised in analysis of audiovisual and advertising consumption of younger generations, he has carried out research
on consumption patterns of Generation Z and Millennials, as well as Generation Alpha on emerging platforms such as
TikTok. Notable among the works he has carried out are studies on measurement of linear television audiences in Spain,
and pioneering works on insertion of advertising on content streaming platforms. He actively collaborates in research
projects and teaching in the eld of marketing and digital communication.
International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0002-9292-2437
Carolina Abellán Guzmán.
Doctorate in Journalism (
cum laude
) and Master’s in Journalism from the Autonomous
University of Madrid, with a notable professional career at media companies such as CNN, Mediaset and Movistar Plus+.
She is currently an Associate Professor at the Complutense University of Madrid, having also worked at the Charles
III University of Madrid and Francisco de Vitoria University. She has carried out research on journalism and analysis
of consumption habits, as well as studies on use and insertion of new technologies (Augmented Reality) in television
narratives. Her academic and research work is oriented toward understanding and exploring the challenges faced by
journalism today, with a focus on adaptation to digital platforms in the information age.
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0000-0003-4555-6590
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License CC BY-NC 4.0
Recibido: 28/06/2024 - Aceptado: 05/11/2024 - En edición: 22/11/2024 - Publicado: 01/07/2025
Resumen:
Este trabajo analiza el uso de WhatsApp como canal de difusión de no
-
ticias por parte de Antena 3 Noticias e Informativos Telecinco. Los obje
-
tivos incluyen examinar los criterios de uso de los canales de difusión en
WhatsApp y explorar las características de las noticias publicadas, ade
-
más de estudiar las reacciones de los usuarios. Para dar respuesta a estos
Received: 28/06/2024 - Accepted: 05/11/2024 - Early access: 22/11/2024 - Published: 01/07/2025
Abstract:
is work analyses the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination
channel by Antena 3 Noticias and Informativos Telecinco. e
objectives include examining the usage criteria of dissemination
channels on WhatsApp and exploring the characteristics of the
published news, in addition to studying user reactions. To achieve
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
54 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
objetivos, se sigue una metodología basada en un análisis cuantitativo de
contenido en el que se examinan 467 noticias publicadas entre octubre de
2023 y enero de 2024 y se utilizan variables como tipo de noticia, ámbi
-
to geográco y reacciones de los usuarios. Los resultados de este trabajo
indican una tendencia hacia la publicación de noticias de ámbito nacio
-
nal, con diferencias signicativas en la distribución de noticias locales e
internacionales. Antena 3 Noticias publica más noticias de última hora,
mientras que Informativos Telecinco destaca en el uso de autopromoción.
Además, las noticias de contenido político generan mayor cantidad de
reacciones de los usuarios. Se concluye que, aunque WhatsApp se conso
-
lida como un canal efectivo de difusión, para maximizar su potencial es
necesario un mayor uso de recursos audiovisuales y una estrategia me
-
jor denida. Por último, se constata que ambos medios de comunicación
tienden a utilizar WhatsApp de manera conservadora y desaprovechan
las funciones interactivas de la plataforma.
Palabras clave:
Periodismo; WhatsApp; canales de difusión; Antena 3 noticias;
Informativos Telecinco.
these objectives, a methodology is followed based on a quantitative
content analysis in which 467 news items published between October
2023 and January 2024 are examined, and variables such as type of
news, geographical scope and user reactions are used. e results
of this work indicate a trend towards the publication of national
news, with signicant dierences in the distribution of local and
international news. Antena 3 Noticias publishes more breaking news,
while Informativos Telecinco stands out in the use of self-promotion.
Additionally, news with political content generates a greater number
of reactions from users. It is concluded that although WhatsApp
is consolidating itself as an eective dissemination channel, to
maximise its potential, greater use of audiovisual resources and a
better-dened strategy are necessary. Finally, it is noted that both
media outlets tend to use WhatsApp conservatively and do not take
advantage of the interactive functions of the platform.
Keywords:
Journalism; WhatsApp; dissemination channels; Antena 3 Noticias;
Informativos Telecinco.
1. Introduction
Instant messaging is a form of online chat that allows the transmission of text in real time over the internet. With the arrival
of smartphones and the rise of mobile software, free or low cost social messaging and chat applications have become an
economical option in comparison with traditional SMS text messages. Many of these applications include characteristics such
as group chats, and exchange of images, videos, audio messages and emoticons, among other elements.
WhatsApp is the most popular messaging application in the world in terms of active monthly users worldwide, and is
particularly prominent in markets outside of the USA. With 2 billion users in January 2024, this social network has overtaken
other applications such as WeChat, Facebook Messenger, Telegram, Snapchat and QQ Mobile (1.336 billion, and 979, 800, 750
and 558 million users, respectively) (Fernández , 2024). In recent years, WhatsApp has consolidated itself as an increasingly
important channel for dissemination of news, at both a global level and in Spain (Agur, 2019). is social network, owned by
Meta, is now the main social network for information in Spain, ousting Facebook from the top position.
27% of Spanish people use WhatsApp as a source of information or a means for sharing news. In a decade, Facebook has
lost relevance as an information outlet: its use has fallen from 53% in 2014 to 26% in 2024. In the same period, WhatsApp fell
from 28% to 27%, and despite this decrease, is crowned as the main social channel through which Spanish people inform
themselves (Sierra, 2024).
At an international level, WhatsApp has also become an extremely popular network for the distribution of news (Boczek and
Koppers, 2020); for example, in India, where the use of WhatsApp by local media has been extensively documented, due to the
ubiquity of the platform in the country and its capacity for reaching large segments of the population (Belair-Gagnon, 2017);
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 55
and in Hong Kong, where WhatsApp has played a crucial role during political movements such as the Umbrella Revolution,
facilitating the rapid and secure dissemination of information between activists and the general public (Swart, et al., 2019)
.
Launched in 2009, WhatsApp quickly reached a signicant user base, and in 2016, with the implementation of end-to-end
encryption, its use in the eld of communication and information saw a notable rise (Dodds, 2020). is phenomenon led
dierent media companies to use WhatsApp as a strategic tool for distributing news content and connecting with their
audiences in a more direct and personalised way. e application itself has evolved and improved over the years, and it is
possible to dene two phases in its technological development which aect use by the media.
From its launch until 2023, the media channels publicised their WhatsApp number, the user wrote to them, and it created
a list of contacts to whom to send information. is procedure generates two signicant limitations. e rst is that a single
user account cannot be managed by several people or devices at the same time, which means that journalists have to take
turns with the telephone to read and respond to messages. e second is that the application blocks the terminal when it
detects a high number of messages sent, because it classies them as spam (Fares, 2018). From September 2023, WhatsApp
launched “channels” worldwide, for both iOS and Android operating systems, allowing updates to be received from people
and organisations that are not in the user’s contacts. e user only needs to search for the company they are interested in
(including news companies that have created a channel) and subscribe. is function is one-way, allowing information, as well
as text, photos, videos, stickers and surveys to be received, but not allowing the chat function. e only interaction possible
between the user and the news company is that the former can react to the news with emojis (Márquez, 2023).
In June 2013, the Brazilian newspaper
Extra
launched the rst international journalism experience in which the initial
technological development of this application was used as a channel for conversation with the reader and for receipt of stories
sent by them. In 48 hours, the newspaper received reports and notications capable of becoming journalistic incidents from
over 350 readers. In Spain, the pioneering practice was carried out on television. As part of the 2014 football World Cup, in
June of that year, the sports programme
Punto Pelota
, of the Intereconomía group, oered the possibility of registering to
receive news on coverage of the World Cup. With regard to the written press, in November 2014, the local newspaper
La Rioja
launched its WhatsApp channel as a way of interacting with readers, and oered the reader the possibility of communicating
with the paper. e rst newspaper to use WhatsApp as a broadcast medium for information content was another local paper,
Diario de Mallorca
, in February 2015 (Fares, 2018).
Today, newspapers such as
El País
,
El Español
,
La Vanguardia
,
El Mundo
and
20 Minutos
and news agencies such as EFE now
incorporate WhatsApp into their content distribution strategies, as an eective tool for increasing their reach and promoting
greater interaction with their audiences (Aedo-Neira, 2022; Reyes-García and Molina-Ortiz, 2022).
In recent years, various academic studies have addressed the impact of WhatsApp on journalism from dierent perspectives.
In the English-speaking sphere, Dodds (2020) explores how journalists use WhatsApp to gather and distribute news and
highlights the exibility and accessibility that the platform oers in contexts of high mobility and limited resources. Boczek
and Koppers (2020) analyse the diverse strategies used by the media to optimise the use of WhatsApp in the distribution of
news and highlight the importance of direct and personalised interaction with the user. Resende, et al. (2019) focus on the
56 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
challenges and strategies for combatting disinformation on the platform, a growing problem as more users turn to WhatsApp
to consume news.
Additionally, using a case study, Kligler-Vilenchik and Tenenboim (2020) explain the use of WhatsApp as a means of audience
participation in the process of creating news, and propose the concept of the
meso news-space
, referring to private digital
spaces in which journalists and users produce, discuss and share news. Likewise, research such as that by Schwarz (2011) and
Swart et al. (2019) deals with the use of WhatsApp for maintaining social cohesion and promoting civic participation through
the dissemination of news and informal conversations within closed groups. is aspect is particularly relevant in situations
where ocial information may be subject to censorship or strict control, because the application allows users to access news
and discuss topics of common interest in a safer, more private environment.
In the Spanish-speaking sphere, signicant contributions have also been made to research on the use of WhatsApp in
journalism, revealing dierent dynamics and innovative practices. Mitchelstein and Boczkowski (2019) highlight the growing
adoption of WhatsApp by the digital media for improving interaction with their audiences in Argentina and other countries
of the region. Valenzuela, et al. (2020) analyse the impact of WhatsApp in Chile and highlight how the application aects
knowledge of news, polarisation and political participation. Harlow (2019) examines the social media policies in Latin
American newsrooms, while Cueva Chacón and Saldaña (2020) deal with transnational collaborations in research journalism.
García-Perdomo (2019) explores the relationship between television and online media and includes WhatsApp as a news
distribution channel in Colombia.
ese studies reect a trend towards digitalisation and adaptation of new technologies in the eld of Latin American journalism
and compile the opportunities and challenges faced by the media in the region
.
With regard to Spain, Sedano Amundarain and Palomo Torres (2018) have produced a directory of 27 Spanish media outlets
that make use of WhatsApp or Telegram. Bonete Vizcaíno (2020) describes the use of WhatsApp by ve newspapers (
ABC, El
Condencial, El Español,
Eldiario.es
and
El Periódico
) between 2015 and 2019, concluding that despite being an increasingly
widespread tool, Spanish newspapers are not participating in this trend.
Negreira,
et al
. (2017) analyse the use of not only WhatsApp, but also another social network, Telegram, by ve print media
outlets (
Sur, El Comercio, Las Provincias, Diario de Mallorca
and
Faro de Vigo
) in 2016 and consider that although there are
diverse strategies for disseminating the news, no initiative is taken for real conversation with readers. García-Avilés (2020)
examines use of WhatsApp by newspapers
El País
and
La Vanguardia
, headlines that implement specic strategies for
attracting and retaining the audience through this social network through the adaptation of their content to briefer, more
visual formats, which in principle are more suitable for that platform.
Sádaba and Salaverría (2021) study how journalists use WhatsApp to distribute news and the way that this application has
inuenced journalistic practices. ey recognise that this social network serves not only as a channel for distributing news, but
also as a tool for verifying information and direct interaction with the audience.
Crespo Martínez, et al. (2022) focus on the dynamic of news consumption through WhatsApp and examine how the groups and
mailing lists on this platform transform the way in which news is shared and consumed. ey nd that users perceive WhatsApp
as a reliable and rapid channel for receiving news, although they also acknowledge the risks associated with disinformation.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 57
e majority of the academic studies mentioned focus mainly on print media outlets and avoid the initiatives that have been
implemented by television. is work therefore intends to contribute a new analysis of the use of the WhatsApp dissemination
channels of the two largest audiovisual companies of mainstream television in Spain: Atresmedia and Mediaset. e rst
launched its channel in October 2023 and made Antena 3 Noticias the rst mainstream television information service to
have its own WhatsApp channel (Escalona, 2023). A few weeks later, Mediaset created its own with Informativos Telecinco
(Redacción digital Informativos Telecinco, 2023).
2. Objectives and Methodology
is work has the objective of analysing, comparing and specifying the usage criteria of the WhatsApp news dissemination
channels of the two large private broadcasters in Spain, Atresmedia and Mediaset. is concept arises after the announcement
by Atresmedia and Mediaset of incorporating the dissemination channels of this social network into their news broadcast and
transmission. erefore, based on this triple objective, three research questions arise:
RQ1: What is the volume of news published by each network on their respective WhatsApp channels?
To answer this question, 3 analysis variables are created (number of news items, dissemination date and dissemination
channel) allowing quantitative data collection.
RQ2: What are the main formal and content characteristics of these news items?
To answer this question, an ad hoc datasheet is designed with 10 variables (geographic scope, autonomous region, section,
format, time of publication, breaking, self-promotion, direct link, type of news and body of news).
RQ3: How do users of each channel react to the news published?
To answer this question, 2 variables are determined (number of reactions and types of reactions, where the icons with
which channel subscribers interact are analysed).
RQ4: What is the methodology of publication of news items by Antena 3 and Informativos Telecinco? Are these dissemination
channels eective for sharing real news?
To answer this question, in-depth interviews are proposed with the managers of these dissemination channels, as well as
with one of the informative news verication companies in Spain (Newtral).
2.1. Content analysis
In this research, the main data analysis tool for studying the WhatsApp dissemination channels of Antena 3 Noticias and
Informativos Telecinco is content analysis. According to Arandes Tinto (2013), content analysis is an ideal technique for being
able to systematise and understand the object of analysis in depth. Additionally, as Andéu Abela (2002) indicates, this type of
analysis tool is formed by techniques that allow logical and coherent results to be obtained.
58 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
2.1.1. Definition of the analysis
For this work, N= 467 news items were analysed, published by the WhatsApp dissemination channels of the two large private
national media companies in Spain: Antena 3 Noticias and Informativos Telecinco. e analysis period corresponds to the
period between October 2023 and January 2024 (3 months). e chosen analysis time coincides with the start of use of the
WhatsApp dissemination channels by Antena 3 Noticias and Informativos Telecinco. ese dissemination channels were
chosen because they were the rst WhatsApp channels for televised news created in Spain. A period of three months is
established because quarterly analyses are common in academic research, due to allowing pertinent trends in the media
industry to be observed with a manageable and representative timeframe (Pew Research Center, 2022).
2.1.2. Determination of the formal and content categories
Following the explanations of authors such as López Noguero (2002), for data collection for this analysis, the studied content
was categorised into 15 variables corresponding to the common technical and formal characteristics of news items published
by both channels. e main classication criterion corresponds to numerical categories to allow the use of statistical data
analysis tools. In this way, an ad hoc datasheet was created, establishing the analysed variables:
Table 1. Analysed variables
Variable
Month of publication
Dissemination channel
Type of news
Scope of news
Autonomous Region referenced
Format of the news item
Publication (timeframe)
Form of publication
Breaking news
Self-promotion of the network
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 59
Direct link to the news on the internet
Contains headline
Contains body of news
Number of reactions
Type of reactions
Source: own creation
2.2. Analysis and reliability of the data obtained
To analyse the data collected, two tools were used: Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
With the latter, in the month of October, to make this work reliable, the consistency between the two categorical samples
was studied using the Cohen’s Kappa measure for nominal variables (Cohen, 1960 ). To do so, each researcher of this work
analysed 20 news items from the Informativos Telecinco dissemination channel whose data was subsequently cross-checked
to obtain the Kappa value (
k
) and approximate signicance
(p
) (López de Ullibarri Galparsoro and Pita Fernández, 2010).
Table 2. Kappa agreement measurement by code
Variable no. Variable analysedValue
Approximate
signicance
1
Dissemination channel
1.001
2
Type of news
1.001
3
Scope of news
1.001
4
Autonomous Region
1.001
5
Format
1.001
6Publication1.001
7Form1.001
8
Breaking
1.001
9Self-promotion1.001
10
Direct link
1.001
60 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
11
Headline
1.001
12
Body of news
1.001
13
Reactions
.920
.001
Source: own creation
In this way, it is shown that the consistency between the samples is perfect, there being only one almost perfect discrepancy
between the “reactions” codes (k=.920, p=<.001).
Having completed the consistency test, the content analysis was carried out. Subsequently, having completed it, the chi-
squared test of the dierent variable cross-checks was examined, and only results whose asymptotic signicance (<.001)
determines a signicant intersection were chosen.
2.3. In-depth interview
For the qualitative part of this research, having analysed the data and obtained the results of this work, an in-depth interview
with the main managers of the Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 Noticias dissemination channels was carried out, as
well as with the informative news verication company in Spain, Newtral. is technique allows understanding of a result
obtained to be broadened (Taylor and Bogdan, 1987). To do so, Sonia Got, Social Media Manager of Mediaset España, Mónica
Prado, Editor in Chief of the Digital Department of Antena 3 Noticias, and Joaquín Ortega, Content Director of Newtral were
contacted. For both Sonia Got and Mónica Prado, structured questions related with the dissemination channels were asked,
from a formal and technical perspective. For Joaquín Ortega, structured questions were chosen, taking into account the results
of this work, on the WhatsApp dissemination channels as a new tool for information transmission.
3. Results
After analysing the cross-check of signicant variables and having completed the in-depth interviews, two clear sections were
established as results of this research. Firstly,
the use, technique and content of the WhatsApp dissemination channels by the
televised news media
, and secondly,
the eectiveness of instant messaging dissemination channels as a source of information
.
3.1. Use of WhatsApp dissemination channels by Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 Noticias
Based on the results obtained from the content analysis, eight interrelated elements are identied. At the same time, these
elements are divided into two groups:
relationship between the publication and the dissemination channel
and
relationship
between the type of publication and the reactions of followers of both channels
.
Firstly, the results obtained on the relationship between the type of publication and the dissemination channels are presented:
1. Relationship between the scope of the news item and the dissemination channel.
ere is a signicant relationship
between the scope of the news published and the Telecinco and Antena 3 dissemination channels (
χ
2(5, N=468) = 10,103,
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 61
p
=.0072).
In this way, it can be stated that there is a trend towards the publication of national news. Antena 3 Noticias
publishes a total of 20% national news, while the gure for Informativos Telecinco is 16.6%. A great dierence is observed
with regard to the result for international news (4.10% for Antena 3 Noticias and 1.30% for Informativos Telecinco).
With regard to local news, Antena 3 Noticias publishes 3.70% of this type, in comparison with 2.70% by Informativos
Telecinco. Taking into account regional news, the gures are low: 1.80% of the news items published by Informativos
Telecinco are regional while Antena 3 Noticias does not publish any of this type of news. It is necessary to highlight that
both dissemination channels tend to publish news from dierent scopes in the same mailing, without separation criteria.
77.60% of Informativos Telecinco news publications correspond with this criterion, Antena 3 Noticias having a similar
gure of 88%.
Graphic 1. Types of news by scope
Source: own creation
Antena 3 Noticias
62 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
2. Type of publication format and dissemination channel.
ere is a signicant relationship between the dierent types of
publication formats on WhatsApp by the Telecinco and Antena 3 dissemination channels (
χ
2(4, N=468) = 118,256,
p
=.001).
WhatsApp is a tool that allows interaction between the sender and recipient of the message. However, in the case of the
analysed channels, they do not use all the technical possibilities for interaction oered by this application. With regard to
the format, Antena 3 Noticias and Informativos Telecinco tend to make conservative use of publications in which the use
of text and a direct link to the source of the news item are the predominant formats. In this regard, clear dierences are
observed: rstly, 80.7% of publications by Informativos Telecinco opt for a format with a preview image, text and a direct
link to the news item on its website; in turn, Antena 3 Noticias publishes 33.1% in the same way. e dissemination channel
belonging to the Atresmedia group publishes news showing only text and a direct link 66.9% of the time, compared with
18% for Informativos Telecinco. In this regard, it can be stated that tools such as video and audio are not the preferred
formats for these networks. Only 1.3% of the news items published by Informativos Telecinco are in video format (Antena
3 Noticias does not publish any news items in this format). Secondly, with regard to participation tools available on the
application, such as WhatsApp Surveys, these are underused by both networks: Informativos Telecinco uses them 0.4% of
the time, while Antena 3 Noticias does not use them at all.
Graphic
2. News publication format
Source: own creation
Antena 3 Noticias
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 63
3. Publication of breaking news and the dissemination channel.
ere is a signicant relationship between the publication
of breaking news and the Telecinco and Antena 3 dissemination channels (
χ
2(1, N=468) = 7,297,
p
=.007). It is clearly
observed that Antena 3 Noticias publishes more breaking news than Informativos Telecinco, although these are not the
most representative news items of its publications. Informativos Telecinco publishes 4% breaking news compared with
10.6% by Antena 3 Noticias.
4. Use of the dissemination channel for self-promotion.
ere is a signicant relationship between the publication of self-
promotion news and the Telecinco and Antena 3 dissemination channels (
χ
2(1, N=468) = 5,381,
p
=.002). Self-promotion is
barely used by the news dissemination channels of either group, although Informativos Telecinco publishes more content
of this type (6.3%) than Antena 3 Noticias (2%).
Below, the results obtained with regard to the type of news and reactions of followers are shown for both channels:
5. Quantity and type of reactions with regard to the dissemination channel analysed.
ere is a signicant relationship
between the reactions of WhatsApp users and the Telecinco and Antena 3 dissemination channels (
χ
2(13, N=468) = 72,209,
p
=.001).
Before sharing these results, it is important to know that in February 2024, the Antena 3 Noticias channel had
211,780 followers, while that of Informativos Telecinco had 184,445. Based on this data, it can be stated that the reactions
of followers to the news published usually total an average of around 100 to 200 people per publication. Informativos
Telecinco has a higher level of interaction (69.1%) and achieved publications with 900 unique user reactions. e maximum
reactions achieved by Antena 3 Noticias were from 600 unique users.
6. Relationship between the type of news published and the reactions obtained.
ere is a signicant relationship
between the reactions of WhatsApp users and the type of news published by Telecinco and Antena 3 (
χ
2(104, N=468) =
225,051,
p
=.001). Having obtained the data related with the user reactions of the dissemination channels, this work sought
to ascertain the type of news causing most reactions among followers. In this regard, news with political content led the
ranking of reactions and obtained feedback from up to 1,000 unique users. In second place was news with social / event-
based content, with 800 unique users reacting to some publications. ird were publications of news with economics
content, receiving reactions from 300 to 400 unique users. Conversely, news items related with culture and science were
those which received the fewest reactions.
64 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Graphic 3. Reactions of users
Source: own creation
7. Number of reactions from followers to breaking news publications.
ere is a signicant relationship between the
number of reactions from WhatsApp users and the publication of breaking news (
χ
2(13, N=468) = 35,690,
p
=.001). In the
same way as the evolution of reactions was ascertained in terms of type of news, it is observed how this criterion was aected
by news that specied breaking news content. us, values of up 800 reactions can be observed in the case of Informativos
Telecinco. 34.30% of the analysed reactions to breaking news analysed were around 300 reactions from unique users. e
opposite occurs with news items whose content is self-promotion, as the reactions decrease considerably. In the case of
Informativos Telecinco, 52.60% of the reactions to self-promotion news were around 100 – 150 unique users. In the case of
Antena 3 Noticias, 63.7% have the same gure.
8. Relationship between the written format of published news and the number of reactions.
ere is a signicant
relationship between the format of published news and the reactions of WhatsApp users (
χ
2(13, N=468) = 80,955,
p
=.001).
In this regard, it is observed that the number of reactions increases when news items published are accompanied by a
longer text or body of news, beyond the headline and link. In this case, both channels show similar data, of around 400
unique user reactions for each more detailed news item with more text.
At a qualitative level, it is necessary to highlight the type of reactions by followers of the WhatsApp dissemination channels. It
is observed that there is a very high number of interactions from followers who respond with a derisive attitude or intending to
ridicule the news published. For example, users express themselves through the use of emoticons of this app, and among the
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 65
visual elements they use are Palestine ags on news items that have nothing to do with that issue, aubergines, especially on
political news, and icons that represent vulgar and obscene gestures.
In this way, it can be stated that interactions from users with the news, in the majority of cases, are not linked with the news
being shared, particularly if it is national political news.
3.2. Eectiveness of instant messaging dissemination channels as a source of information
Taking into account the results obtained after the case study, three experts of the sector were interviewed, as explained in the
methodology section, to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the use of these types of channels. After the content analysis
and the in-depth interviews, the questions posed in this research were answered.
3.2.1. How are the news dissemination channels on WhatsApp used by the main private news outlets?
Both Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 Noticias created these channels with the objective of facilitating the user’s
consumption of news content. Both broadcasters took this step in October 2023 using WhatsApp, as it is the most used instant
communication social network in Spain. Neither of the two chains creates specic content for WhatsApp, instead sharing links
on this social network to news items on their respective websites. e digital department of the news outlets is responsible for
the use of the dissemination channel and the publication of news.
ere is a clear trend to send mailings grouping dierent news items, and this responds to the need to carry out few mailings
each day because WhatsApp penalises excessive mailings. Additionally, neither of the news outlets wishes to saturate their
dissemination channel followers. In the case of Informativos Telecinco, it commits to three mailings, or “shots”, per day. e
majority of the publications coincide with the televised programming of its news: morning, midday and evening/night.
Both dissemination channels have opted for an image + direct link format, which when clicked on, takes the user to the news
website of Telecinco and Antena 3. Both Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 Noticias opt for a larger number of national news
items, aimed at the general public of Spain as a whole. Also, both channels consider their own content when sharing news,
opting for self-promotion at some times.
Both Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 Noticias highlight very positive feedback from their channel followers, which is
reected in their increasing numbers and a growing interest of WhatsApp users in receiving news in this way. Even so, they
state that the vast majority of their users do not click on the news links, only reading the headline or the body of news and
reacting to this content.
3.2.2. Linking of traditional media with new technologies (ICT)
e WhatsApp dissemination channels of the news media were created in 2023, along with other channels of this type for other
private news media outlets, and according to the people interviewed, the traditional media must commit to linking with ICT in
disseminating their content. Additionally, they believe that information will be brought to the user in this way. It is a controlled
environment where veried and relevant news is promoted.
66 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
Additionally, the fact-checker Newtral is a pioneer in the use of WhatsApp for combatting disinformation. In 2018, according to
Joaquín Ortega, Content Director of the tool, the contact details of this app were provided so that users, if in doubt, could check
the veracity of the news they found through social media. Today, Newtral has a very positive view of traditional media making
inroads into social networks such as WhatsApp, because a new window for dissemination of true information and quality
content is thereby created. Additionally, according to Ortega, WhatsApp is an app that brings together almost all generations
existing today, therefore this content reaches any user, regardless of age.
Despite having detected many reactions attempting to ridicule the information shared through these dissemination channels,
there is no concern in this regard. According to Ortega, exposure to direct audience reaction on social networks has two likely
eects: greater presence of negative reactions and a perception that these negative reactions are the majority. Despite this, the
impact of the news, in this case real and quality news, is much greater than the reactions that may be found.
3.2.3. From what perspective and methodology is this tool used by the two large private audiovisual groups (Atresme
-
dia and Mediaset)?
Today, the WhatsApp dissemination channels of Antena 3 Noticias and Informativos Telecinco are used to share the information
content that they have on their respective news websites. At the same time, they tend to publish three pieces of content that
coincide with their news broadcasts. ey also use the Doc Track programme to schedule the publication of their news at
weekends and on public holidays. Likewise, they use dierent devices to publish their content, thereby avoiding restrictions
from the platform. erefore, these channels are used to disseminate the content of their websites and televised news.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
e results of this research identify use of the dissemination channels by the large broadcasters linked with linear broadcast of
their news. e news outlets have not created teams to manage the information sent by WhatsApp, it instead being the existing
website team of each channel who share the most notable news of each edition of their news programmes (morning, midday
and night). is would be one of the main points to improve in the future, as the digital consumer or user does not have the
same characteristics as a linear television viewer (González-Oñate; Jiménez Marín & Sanz Marcos, 2020). is issue could be
improved with the use of generative Articial Intelligence (AI) tools applied to journalism, as it would allow a dierent wording
of the same news item, with a focus more suited to social networks and without the need to have a team allocated to WhatsApp
dissemination channels. e main problem is that today, despite the existence of plans to use AI in news composition, there
are few experts in this eld (Quian, A., & Sixto – García, J (2024). In spite of this, the WhatsApp dissemination channels of
Informativos Telecinco and Antena 3 are consolidated as information tools, publishing an acceptable quantity of news each
day. Technically, use of the resources available in this instant messaging tool is lacking, for example, greater use of videos,
stickers, surveys, etc., to be able to interact more with subscribers and increase engagement with them. Furthermore, after
undertaking the qualitative methodology of this work, the connection of WhatsApp dissemination channels and verication
tools seems to be a natural next step. Below, after what has been presented in this work, the main conclusions drawn from this
research are set out:
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 67
WhatsApp dissemination channels are shown to be eective tools for dissemination of veried and reliable news and
information by traditional media outlets. us, they bring daily news to society in an inclusive way and without generating
generational gaps, as may occur with other social networks. e use of WhatsApp dissemination channels by Antena 3 Noticias
and Informativos Telecinco receives a positive response in both growth of followers and in the daily number of interactions
with news items, and consolidates its role as an agile and accessible communication channel.
e main Spanish broadcasters, Atresmedia and Mediaset, must maximise the potential of the WhatsApp dissemination
channels so as not to miss the opportunity to attract and retain their audience. e current approach, based on the mere
distribution of existing content and self-promotion, limits the impact of these tools. It is essential for these chains to develop
towards a more dynamic strategy, which includes the creation of adapted and veried content, especially in the face of the
proliferation of fake news. is requires a specialised team that manages interaction with the audience and takes full advantage
of the capacities of WhatsApp for strengthening the trust and commitment of users.
Collaboration between the media and fact-checkers is crucial for eectively combatting disinformation on WhatsApp.
Integrating verication tools such as Newtral on dissemination channels would not only increase the credibility of the news
shared, but would also allow a more rapid and precise response to potential hoaxes which may circulate on the platform
among users. is synergy between the media and fact-checkers is essential for consolidating WhatsApp as a secure and
reliable space for news consumption.
In any case, use of these dissemination channels is very recent and it is still necessary to wait and see what the evolution of
their use by the traditional media will be. Additionally, this work opens the way for future lines of research to investigate the
WhatsApp dissemination channels of national newspapers or other media, or to analyse the behaviour of fact-checkers with
these channels and to compare whether there is disinformation from traditional media outlets on WhatsApp. Additionally,
with the incorporation of generative Articial Intelligence (AI) tools on mobile devices, a new path is created for seeking
information, which must be kept in mind. Finally, it would also be interesting to continue addressing, from a qualitative
perspective, the interactions of WhatsApp users with the news that traditional media outlets publish on this tool.
5. Acknowledgements
is article has been translated into English by Martin Andrews to whom we are grateful for his work.
is work has been nanced by the Call for Funding for translation of scientic articles, and publication fees in open access
journals 2023/2024 of the International University of La Rioja (UNIR).
68 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
6. Specic contributions of each author
Name and surname
Conception and design of the workJose Antonio Cortés Quesada
Methodology
Jose Antonio Cortés Quesada
Data collection and analysisJose Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
Discussion and conclusionsJose Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
Drafting, formatting, version review and approvalJose Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
7. Conict of interest
e authors declare that there is no conict of interest contained in this article.
8. Bibliographic references
Aedo-Neira, R. (2022). La incorporación de WhatsApp en las estrategias de distribución de contenido de los medios de
comunicación.
Revista de Comunicación Digital, 15
(3), 45-62.
Aguado, G., & Bernaola Serrano, I. (2020). Vericación en la infodemia de la Covid-19. El caso Newtral.
RLCS, Revista Latina de
Comunicación Social, 78
, 289-308.
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1478
Agur, C. (2019). Insularized connectedness: Mobile chat applications and news production.
Emerging Technologies in Journalism
and Media: International Perspectives on eir Nature and Impact, 7
(1), 179-188.
https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1802
Almansa Martínez, A., Fernández Torres, M. J., & Rodríguez Fernández, L. (2022). Desinformación en España un año después
de la COVID-19. Análisis de las vericaciones de Newtral y Maldita.
RLCS, Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 80
, 183-200.
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1538
Andéu Abela, J. (2002).
Las técnicas de análisis de contenido: una revisión actualizada
. Fundación Centro de Estudios Andaluces.
Arandes Tinto, A. J. (2013). El análisis de contenido como herramienta de utilidad para la realización de una investigación
descriptiva: Un ejemplo de aplicación práctica utilizado para conocer las investigaciones realizadas sobre la imagen de marca de
España y el efecto país.
Provincia, 135
, 173.
Belair-Gagnon, V. (2017).
Social Media at BBC News: e Re-Making of Crisis Reporting
(1st ed.). Routledge.
Boczek, K., & Koppers, L. (2020).
Mobile News. Journalism’s Shift from Fixed to Fluid
(1st ed.). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003098744-8
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 69
Bonete Vizcaíno, F. (2020). Luces y sombras en el uso de WhatsApp en los diarios digitales españoles.
Hipertext.net
. Revista
académica sobre documentación digital y comunicación interactiva, 20
, 87-97.
https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2020.i20.07
Capuano, N., Fenza, G., Loia, V., & Nota, F. D. (2023). Content-based fake news detection with machine and deep learning: A
systematic review.
Neurocomputing, 530
, 91-103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2023.02.005
Cohen, J. (1960). A coecient of agreement for nominal scales.
Educational and Psychological Measurement
.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644600200010
Crespo Martínez, I., Rojo Martínez, J. M., Mayordomo Zapata, C., & Moreno Moreno, S. (2022). Conversación y difusión de
información política en WhatsApp: Un análisis de la “caja negra” desde las teorías de la interacción en redes sociales.
Revista de
Comunicación, 21
(1), 117-136.
https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.1-2022-A6
Cueva Chacón, L., & Saldaña, M. (2020). Transnational collaborations in investigative journalism.
Journalism Studies, 21
(7),
895-910.
Dodds, T. (2020). Reporting with WhatsApp: Mobile chat applications’ impact on journalistic practices.
Digital Journalism, 8
(5),
615-633.
Elías, C. (2018). Fake news, poder y periodismo en la era de la posverdad y hechos alternativos.
Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de
Comunicación, 40,
1-6.
https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2018.i40.04
Escalona, P. (2023, October 10). Sigue ya toda la actualidad en el canal de WhatsApp de Antena 3 Noticias.
Antena 3 Noticias
.
https://bit.ly/3YBRVoI
Fajardo Trigueros, C., & Rivas de Roca, R. (2020). La acción de la UE en España ante la “infodemia” de desinformación por el
COVID-19.
Revista de Estilos de Aprendizaje
.
https://doi.org/10.55777/rea.v13i26.2153
Fares, F. (2018). WhatsApp y periodismo: Análisis del uso de WhatsApp en los medios de información españoles.
Hipertext.net
.
Revista Académica sobre Documentación Digital y Comunicación Interactiva, 16
, 78-92.
https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.
net.2018.i16.12
Fernández, R. (2024).
Statista
. Retrieved June 23, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/4fgMz9o
García, F., & Nuria. (2017). Fake news: Una oportunidad para la alfabetización mediática.
Nueva Sociedad, 269
, 66-77.
García-Avilés, J. A. (2020). El uso de WhatsApp en los diarios
El País
y
La Vanguardia
: Estrategias para captar y retener audiencias.
Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 11
(1), 123-138.
García-Perdomo, V. (2019). e relationship between television and online media: e use of WhatsApp as a news distribution
channel in Colombia.
Digital Journalism, 7
(5), 620-637.
González Oñate, C., Jiménez Marín, G., & Sanz Marcos, P. (2020). Consumo televisivo y nivel de interacción-participación social
en redes sociales: Un análisis sobre las audiencias millennials en la campaña electoral de España.
Profesional de la Información,
29
(5).
https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.01
González Kelly, M. (2023). El poder de las fake news: Manipulación política en la era digital.
Hologramática. Revista Académica
de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, 2
(39), 75-101.
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
70 |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
|
July-December of 2025
Description and analysis of the use of WhatsApp as a news dissemination channel: the case of
Antena 3 Noticias
...
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
doxa.comunicación
González Moreno, D., & Elías, C. (2024). La inuencia de Facebook y sus cambios de algoritmos en el periodismo y las fake news.
Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación,
(63)
, 100–125.
https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2024.i63.06
Gómez Calderón, B., Córdiba Cabús, A., & López Martín, Á. (2023). Las fake news y su percepción por parte de los jóvenes
españoles: El inujo de los factores sociodemográcos.
Doxa Comunicación
.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n36a1741
Harlow, S. (2019). Social media policies in Latin American newsrooms.
Journal of Latin American Communication Research, 8
(1),
45-60.
Johnson, A.-G. (2023). Fake news simulated performance: Gazing and performing to reinforce negative destination stereotypes.
Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 26
, 82-96.
https://doi.org/10.1080/146
16688.2023.2280172
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Tenenboim, O. (2020). Sustained journalist-audience reciprocity in a meso news-space: e case of a
journalistic WhatsApp group.
New Media & Society, 22
(2), 264-282.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856917
Lotero Echevarri, G., Romero Rodríguez, L. M., & Pérez Rodríguez, M. A. (2018). Fact-checking vs. Fake news: Periodismo de
conrmación como componente de la competencia mediática contra la desinformación.
index.Comunicación
, 295-316.
López de Ullibarri Galparsoro, I., & Pita Fernández, S. (2010, December 10). Medidas de concordancia: El índice Kappa.
Fisterra.
Metodología de la Investigación
.
López Noguero, F. (2002). El análisis de contenido como método de investigación.
Revista de Educación
, 167-179.
Márquez, J. (2023, September 13). WhatsApp empieza a desplegar en todo el mundo los Canales: así funcionan (y esto sucederá
con los Estados).
Xataka
.
https://bit.ly/4fBZhPA
Melchior, C., & Oliveira, M. (2023). A systematic literature review of the motivations to share fake news on social media platforms
and how to ght them.
New Media & Society, 26
(2).
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231174224
Negreira, C., López García, X., & Lozano Aguiar, L. (2017). Instant Messaging Networks as a New Channel to Spread the News: Use
of WhatsApp and Telegram in the Spanish Online Media of Proximity. In Á. Rocha, A. Correia, H. Adeli, L. Reis, & S. Costanzo (Eds.),
Recent Advances in Information Systems and Technologies
(pp. 64-72). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56541-5_8
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). e Psychology of Fake News.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25
(5).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tics.2021.02.007
Pérez Escoda, A., Barón Dulce, G., & Rubio Romero, J. (2021). Mapeo del consumo de medios en los jóvenes: redes sociales, ‘fake
news’ y conanza en tiempos de pandemia.
index.Comunicación, 2
(11), 187-208.
https://doi.org/10.33732/ixc/11/02Mapeod
Pew Research Center. (2022).
State of the News Media: Methodology
. Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/
Quian, A., & Sixto-García, J. (2024). Inteligencia articial en la prensa: estudio comparativo y exploración de noticias con
ChatGPT en un medio tradicional y otro nativo digital.
Revista de Comunicación, 23
(1), 457-483.
https://doi.org/10.26441/
RC23.1-2024-3374
Redacción digital Informativos Telecinco. (2023, October 9). Informativos Telecinco estrena canal de WhatsApp: sigue toda la
actualidad desde tu teléfono móvil.
Informativos Telecinco
.
https://bit.ly/3AyeL8I
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
doxa.comunicación |
nº 41, pp. 53-71
July-December of 2025
José Antonio Cortés Quesada and Carolina Abellán Guzmán
ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
| 71
Resende, G., Melo, P., Messias, J., Vasconcelos, M., Almeida, J., & Benevenuto, F. (2019). (Mis)Information Dissemination in
WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In J. McAuley (Ed.),
Proceedings of e World Wide Web Conference
(pp.
818-828). New York: ACM.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313688
Reyes-García, R., & Molina-Ortiz, J. (2022). Estrategias digitales en agencias de noticias: el uso de WhatsApp para la distribución
de contenido.
Estudios de Periodismo, 12
(4), 30-48.
Sádaba, C., & Salaverría, R. (2021). WhatsApp en el periodismo: uso, inuencia y desafíos.
Cuadernos de Periodistas, 45
(2), 75-92.
Sedano Amundarain, J., & Palomo Torres, M. (2018). Aproximación metodológica al impacto de WhatsApp y Telegram
en las redacciones.
Hipertext.net
. Revista Académica sobre Documentación Digital y Comunicación Interactiva, 16
, 61-67.
https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2018.i16.10
Shu, K., Silva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective.
ACM
SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
, 22-36.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3137597.3137600
Sierra, A. (2024). Creciente desconexión informativa de los españoles: el 37% evita las noticias, ocho puntos más que en 2023. In
Digital News Report España 2024
(pp. 86-92). Pamplona: Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Navarra.
Swart, J., Peters, C., & Broersma, M. (2019). Sharing and Discussing News in Private Social Media Groups: e Social Function
of News and Current Aairs in Conversation.
Digital Journalism, 7
(2), 187-205.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1465351
Taylor, S., & Bogdan, R. (1987).
La entrevista en profundidad. Métodos cuantitativos aplicados
(2a ed.). Editorial Paidós Básica.
Valenzuela, S., Bachmann, I., & Bargsted, M. (2019). e Personal Is the Political? What Do WhatsApp Users Share and How It
Matters for News Knowledge, Polarization and Participation in Chile.
Digital Journalism, 9(2)
, 155–175.
https://doi.org/10.1080/
21670811.2019.1693904
Wahl Jorgensen, K. (2020). An Emotional Turn in Journalism Studies?
Digital Journalism, 8
(2), 175-194.
https://doi.org/10.1080
/21670811.2019.1697626
Wardle, C. (2017, March 14). Noticias falsas.
First Draft
.
https://bit.ly/3UH0q0h
Zavala Enriquez, J. M., Christian Giovanny, M. G., Hernán Patricio, P. B., & Rodríguez Galán, A. L. (2024). Facebook, noticias
falsas y su impacto en la juventud.
Polo del Conocimiento: Revista Cientíco-Profesional
, 1287-1308.
https://doi.org/10.23857/
pc.v9i1.6435
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>
<p>[Enlace de URL / hc (has AS)]</p>