The impact of citizen participation (UGC) on television news
production
El impacto de la participación ciudadana (CGU) en el proceso de creación de la
noticia televisiva
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ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978
How to cite this article:
González-Pérez, C. M. (2025). e impact of citizen participation (UGC) on television news production.
Doxa Comunicación
, 40, pp. 321-340.
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n40a2726
Carmen-María González-Pérez
. Associate Professor of Audio-visual Communication in the Department of Information
and Communication, University of Granada. Her main lines of research focus on the analysis of television news content,
the inuence of prosumers in the news creation process, and the support they oer to information professionals. In
addition to having participated in several international conferences, she has also published various articles related
to user-generated content in journals of science. Professor González-Pérez has also worked for more than 20 years
as a public television reporter in Spain at two separate channels,
TVE
and
Canal Sur TV
. She currently combines her
teaching and research work with her position as a journalist for Andalusian Public Television.
University of Granada, Spain
[email protected]
ORCID:
0009-0000-6039-3860
is content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. International License CC BY-NC 4.0
Recibido: 01/07/2024 - Aceptado: 14/10/2024 - En edición: 12/11/2024 - Publicado: 01/01/2025
Resumen:
Esta investigación analiza el Contenido Generado por el Usuario (CGU)
incorporado en las noticias de Canal Sur Televisión con el objetivo prin
-
cipal de descubrir, a partir de este estudio de caso, cómo la participación
ciudadana inuye en las distintas etapas de la producción informativa
por parte de los periodistas audiovisuales. Metodológicamente, se lleva
a cabo un análisis de contenido del CGU presente en los vídeos subidos
durante la última década en el sitio web ocial del archivo de Canal
Sur Televisión, una de las tres televisiones autonómicas de mayor presu
-
puesto de España y destacada por su rme apuesta por la digitalización
y la modernización. El trabajo evidencia cómo durante la fase de co
-
bertura, los periodistas suelen acudir al recurso ciudadano para ofrecer
una respuesta informativa rápida e inmediata ante eventos imprevistos
y cómo, en la fase estructural, el valor testimonial del CGU condiciona
Received: 01/07/2024 - Accepted: 14/10/2024 - Early access: 12/11/2024 - Published: 01/01/2025
Abstract:
is research analyses user-generated content (UGC) incorporated
into news reports at Canal Sur Televisión. By using the case study
methodology, the main objective is to reveal how citizen participation
inuences the various stages of news production carried out by audio-
visual journalists. Content analysis has been used to unveil the UGC
present in videos uploaded over the past decade onto the ocial
website archives of Canal Sur Televisión. is channel is one of three
regional television networks in Spain with the largest budgets, and
it is known for its strong commitment to digital modernisation. is
study conrms that during the coverage phase, journalists often turn
to citizen resources to provide quick and immediate information to
unforeseen events and, in the structural phase, the testimonial value
of UGC signicantly inuences the narrative organization of the
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de manera signicativa la arquitectura narrativa de las noticias. Un
dato interesante es que dos de cada diez informaciones que usan CGU
no podrían haberse elaborado sin su aporte. Las conclusiones y reco
-
mendaciones que se desprenden de esta investigación son relevantes y
pueden aplicarse a otros medios y contextos del periodismo audiovisual.
Palabras clave:
Periodismo Ciudadano; CGU; televisión pública; noticias, smartphones;
redes sociales.
news. An interesting fact is that two out of ten news stories that use
UGC could not have been produced without the help of these users.
e conclusions and recommendations of this research are not only
relevant, but they can also be applied to other media outlets and
contexts in audio-visual journalism.
Keywords:
Citizen journalism; UGC; public television; news; smartphones; social
networks.
1. Introduction
Social media oer free information that can be read and shared by everyone. e incorporation of user-generated content
(UGC) in television journalism is increasingly common, driven by the digital transformation and the rise of social media
platforms. is evolution has transformed conventional journalism by enabling people to actively participate in the production
and distribution of news, thereby reshaping information as a collective asset. Access to information is instantaneous, oering
immediacy and media interaction, yet it may have limitations (Márquez, 2017). Nevertheless, some authors point out that
such access could also be an ally for quality journalism (Gil-Ramírez and Gómez de Travesedo, 2018). In this regard, the use of
social media might be driven by the belief that content published on these platforms is not as prone to manipulation by certain
institutions with a vested interest in this type of information. However, other researchers cast doubt on the informative credibility
of social media (Rey García and Medina Contreras, 2015). At the centre of this complex and ongoing debate, traditional media
are being forced to coexist with social media. Moreover, the viewpoint of professionals is that constant technological changes
are forcing journalists to adapt and undergo further training in the new narratives (Sidorenko Bautista and Garrido Pintado,
2021), which is due to transformation in the creation, production, and distribution of content (Bustamante, 2011).
In a context replete with proactive consumers, the journalism industry is searching for added value (Torres-Sánchez, 2018). If
we look beyond the competitive aspect, it could be argued that journalists are managing to benet from the new media.
Firstly, audiences can provide essential audio-visual and narrative resources through social media, which are especially
important for the production of certain types of news. Secondly, journalists now have instant access to visual testimonies of
newsworthy events (Maldonado Pérez, 2024). Moreover, for certain types of news coverage, a signicant change is taking place
in journalistic routines and the way news is produced, which is precisely the aspect addressed by this study.
We now turn our attention to UGC as an active part of the news creation process. e profound impact of mobile devices on the
elds of communication and journalism has become a subject of increasing academic debate, as numerous researchers strive
to understand the various dimensions of this relationship, which is not only dynamic, but driven by feedback as well. Nearly
three decades ago, theorists such as Castells (1996) and Fidler (1997) became pioneers in the academic discourse regarding the
nonstop role of audiences in the new media ecosystem, and they laid the groundwork for future research. ese early scholars
had already envisioned the transforming potential of mobile technology on various types of communication, anticipating a
future in which such technology might change the way information is disseminated and consumed. In recent years, especially
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in the past decade, there has been a sharp increase in research addressing this topic. However, a signicant part of the existing
literature tends to focus primarily on technological aspects, meticulously analysing the inuence and innovative capabilities
oered by such devices. A more recent systematic review concludes that there is still a need for additional research that delves
deeper into how mobile devices might impact journalistic and informational production (López-García et al., 2019). erefore,
this paper aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by rigorously examining the multiple variables that analyse the inuence
of mobile technology on journalistic practice and its implications for the dissemination of information in the eld of television
journalism.
Although the Internet radically changed the communication landscape, the great revolution came with the so-called Web 2.0.
is term was coined by Tim O’Reilly in 2004, and it refers to online applications that allow the exchange of content among
users. Improved versions of the mobile phone have placed a tool in the hands of citizens, which enables them to create, edit,
and disseminate content immediately. Specically, we are referring the growth of the so-called Mojo (Mobile Journalism).
is trend has led younger generations to stay informed in a dierent way (Zazo-Correa and Martínez-Fresneda, 2024). Social
media have become the main source of news for young Spanish people, who prefer these platforms due to the immediacy and
ease of access they oer (Catalina-García et al., 2015). Young people tend to read and share news without thoroughly checking
the facts, which makes them doubt the credibility of the content (Farias-Batlle et al., 2023). Moreover, young adults, especially
between 25 and 34 years of age, access news mainly through mobile devices, and their interest in the news increases when it
directly aects them, or when they feel empathy with a certain topic (Martínez-Costa et al., 2019). e growing importance of
social media as a source of news is evident, as a signicant percentage of young people access news on these platforms rather
than directly through media websites (Pérez-Escoda et al., 2018).
In general, while social media is a dominant channel for news consumption among young Spanish people, there is still the
challenge of addressing the issues of trust and disinformation that accompany this trend. Traditional TV news prides itself on
its fact-checking competence and takes advantage of UGC, thereby providing an aspect of informational validity that is typical
of traditional media. In fact, some research suggests that an excess of information can even be harmful to the audience. In this
regard, journalists must perform the task of not only selecting information, but also of verifying it afterward in order to ensure
its objectivity (Marcos-García, Alonso-Muñoz, and López-Meri, 2021). Nowadays, information verication is highly important.
It is essential to know the source of news and make sure it has not been manipulated. As for technical aspects, there are still
limitations, but the contribution is signicant, as armed by Bueno Olivera (2020, p.13) with the following statement:
Despite being of lower quality on most occasions, compared to what is produced by a communication professional, user-generated
content on social media has made a signicant contribution to journalistic work. Citizens are the rst witnesses to events, especially
those that happen without prior warning, which makes them one of the key sources of information.
On public television, there is a type of news journalism that uses social media to gather information and shape its reporting.
In this process, we must also acknowledge that the pandemic established a before and after. is is reected in the Digital News
Report (2022), produced by the Reuters Institute, which shows how lockdowns and mobility restrictions prompted traditional
media to take full advantage of mobile journalism. e public media, which are the main focus of our study, were aected
by this reality as well. Some studies have analysed this trend in public television and conrm that the use of collaborative
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tools has led to more ecient and cost-eective ways of producing news, an example of which is
Canal Sur Televisión
’s
incorporation of such tools in producing its news broadcasts during the lockdown. Moreover, these changes are here to stay
(Olivares-García et al., 2024). On the one hand, television news production has been changed by UGC, which has become
a new communication feature that coexists with original coverage and material sent by news agencies, the latter of which
charges a fee, of course. Likewise, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of this audio-visual material and how journalists use it
to develop their reports. Only in this way can journalism of the future be fully understood, as pointed out by García de Torres
(2010). We must remember that audio-visual news production consists of various stages (Morales Morante, 2011). It all starts
by covering a newsworthy event through the recording of images and sound. Secondly, the recorded material is organized by
appraising the footage based on the characteristics of the format used. irdly, editing is performed in which the journalist
selects the available material according to newsworthy criteria and, together with the editor, shapes and builds the news story.
In this regard, the research at hand is especially relevant, as it emphasises the need for more studies to focus on evaluating
the quality of the content provided by users in order to better understand journalism of the future (García de Torres, 2010).
We believe it is necessary to delve into citizens’ ability to participate with the media and, above all, to discover the criteria of
newsworthiness that journalists use to select the audio-visual material recorded and produced by citizens. is aspect has
been explored in a parallel study, which is pending publication. Based on this dual reality, we propose the present research
on the impact of citizen participation, which has been analysed by examining the UGC incorporated into the benchmark
public television network known as
RTVA
. Specically, we have evaluated the transformation of news production at
Canal
Sur Televisión
based on the objectives set forth, the methodology, and the justication of the case study method, which are
detailed in the following section.
2. Objectives & Methodology
e main objective of this research is to observe and evaluate UGC in the dierent stages of news creation at
Canal Sur
Televisión
, which is a case study that can be extrapolated to the current television ecosystem. As shown in previous research
(Olivares-García et al. 2023), collaborative tools have become an integral part of news production in Andalusian regional
television, which has continued the practices initiated during the pandemic.
To achieve the main objective of this study, the research is structured around the following research questions:
–
RQ1: Why do journalists rely on UGC during the coverage phase of a newsworthy event?
–
RQ2: Which UGC resources inuence the structural phase of a news story?
–
RQ3: What amount of UGC is used in the nal news editing phase at
Canal Sur Televisión
?
e main hypothesis (H1) of our research is that journalists rely on UGC for newsworthy events that the media outlet is not
able to cover on its own. Based the foregoing, we propose a second hypothesis (H2): journalists who incorporate UGC into
their news items justify its use based on its highly expressive contribution, which inuences the narrative structure of a news
report. Finally, H3 suggests that there are news stories that could not have been covered without the contribution of citizens.
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Regarding methodology, this paper is part of a broader study that aims to assess the presence of user-generated content (UGC)
in the most prominent news reports broadcast by
Canal Sur TV
. As this study is representative, it can be extrapolated to other
audio-visual media that use UGC in producing their news reports.
e analysis focuses on the most important news stories aired by
Canal Sur Televisión
’s news services from 2014 until the
present time. e interest in this public media outlet in particular was initially justied by the signicant changes that have
been taking place in the newsrooms of public broadcasters as they strive to recapture the young audience, which now gets its
news from other sources. On this point, Azurmendi (2018, p. 927), made the following observation:
Public television stations in European countries, including regional outlets, which are especially important in the audio-visual sector
in Spain, are making signicant eorts to reconnect with younger audiences, given the situation in which most teenagers and young
adults use the mobile phone as their main device for obtaining news through social media.
Furthermore, we have chosen to study this public broadcaster of radio and television programming due to its having the
largest budget of the region (Anguera de Sojo, 2024). It ranks third in terms of allocated resources, with a budget of 151 million
euros. First place is held by TV3 with a budget of more than 330 million euros, and coming in second is the Basque regional
broadcaster with 190 million euros, as shown in Graph 1 below.
Graph 1. Regional Television Budgets for 2024
Source: prepared by the author based on data provided by Anguera de Sojo, 2024
In terms of audience,
Canal Sur Televisión
is the fourth most-watched public television channel (Statista, 2024). Moreover, in
2023 it increased its audience share by more than half a point, reaching 9.5% (see Graph 2).
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Graph 2. Ranking of Regional Television Stations with the Largest Audience in Spain 2022-2023
Source: Regional Television Channels with the Largest Audience in Spain 2022-2023. Statista (2024)
Moreover, in the 2024-2026
RTVA
Programme Contract (2023), we have observed a clear commitment by this regional entity
to citizen participation. Clause 3.1 refers to information as the foundation of the audio-visual public service, and in section 30
it states the following:
Similarly, attention to the issues that concern the digital society and emerge as trends on digital social networks will continue
to be a priority. A proactive position will be taken on all categories of social media, which is in line with the goal of maximum
expansion of the audio-visual services across every established application in the digital market. Moreover, this is in keeping with
the objective of facilitating immediacy of interaction with the audience and the eective participation of digital application users
(Clause 3.1, section 30).
Given the focus of our research, the choice of this regional television network is also justied due to its commitment to
interaction with citizens. Furthermore, as a result of its reach, as well as the population it serves and the importance of local
news, RTVA plays a key role as a public service provider. Not only is it capable of doing so, but it also has the duty to full its
assigned task as a public communication outlet for Andalusian society.
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To the extent that this work is applicable to a broader media situation, we emphasize that this study aims to expand the limited
theoretical corpus in the existing literature regarding the impact of participatory journalism on conventional news coverage
in the context of public television. e intention is to advance the academic research on UGC and its inuence on journalistic
production processes as well.
Moreover, the personal and professional background of the researcher who conducted this study has enabled the issue to
be explored based on participant observation. is empirical approach is dened as a learning process resulting from the
immersion and involvement in the everyday actions of participants in the research environment (Schensul and Le Compte,
1999).
In addition to participant observation, we have also used content analysis as the methodological framework in order to provide
specic and objective responses to the research hypotheses set forth. is approach falls within the scope of descriptive and
correlational analysis, where the study variables are systematically classied, and the interrelationships are outlined. e
scientic methodologies selected to validate the hypotheses include the following: inductive reasoning, where general truths
are derived from specic cases; deductive reasoning, where specic truths are deduced from general principles; analytical
methodology, which involves analysing the situation addressed by sub-dividing it into constituent elements for thorough
examination, and establishing causal relationships between the variables explored; nally, a statistical methodology was also
used, which incorporates statistical tools in order to draw conclusions and make recommendations.
Consequently, this research has used a triangulated methodology to provide soundness and coherence to the study. We have
relied on an exhaustive literature review related to UGC, along with the experience of the author of this work in participant
observation, and the aforementioned content analysis.
To conduct the analysis, videos have been collected from
Memoranda
, which is the ocial web archive of Canal Sur, where
the public broadcaster posts what it considers to be the most important news reports from each year. e period studied is
extensive, running from January 2014 to December 2023. In total, 502 news reports covering diverse topics have been viewed
and analysed. It was necessary not only to view the items, but also to calculate the duration of each news report in order
to conduct a detailed study of its narrative structure and communicative features. An initial selection was made of reports
that included content recorded by citizens. e news reports were then classied according to the content topic, such as
complaints, attacks, conict, accidents, social interest, natural disasters, and res, as well as their coverage scope, which could
be regional, national, or international. To analyse the way in which citizen-covered events are produced, they were classied
into either unforeseen or predicted events.
e analysis is based on a series of categories organized according to the dierent stages of news production. As a reference,
we used the framework proposed by Morales Morante (2011), which is the so-called
Modelo de Construcción Informativa
Audiovisual Ecaz
[eective audio-visual news construction model], which sets the phases of coverage, structuring, writing,
editing, and broadcasting. In the study at hand, we have focused on the rst two stages, and on the pre-broadcast stage as well.
Each news item was evaluated in its entirety to determine how many seconds were dedicated to the use of UGC. In the initial
coverage phase, a set of variables were established to identify the characteristics of a newsworthy event produced by citizens
(whether it was predictable or unforeseeable), as well as the timing of its coverage (before/during/immediately after/and after
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the event). In analysing citizen coverage, we looked at the types of shots used, and the audio-visual features of the content
provided.
In the structuring phase, the analysis was based on measurable variables that reveal the expressive value of UGC. e technical
features of UGC, such as planning and stability, give it an amateur quality that can add a sense of closeness and emotion to
the news story. Another benet uncovered when analysing the material is its testimonial value, which varies depending on
whether the recorded commentary was induced or spontaneous (we have made the distinction between induced and non-
induced testimonies). To determine the position of UGC within the news item as a whole, we established three categories
based on its placement: headline, core, and conclusion.
In the pre-broadcast stage, the news story was already complete, and the citizen recordings shared space with other content. In
the editing phase, in order to evaluate the presence of UGC compared to other material produced by the media, we established
the following three variables: a major, equal, or minor presence of UGC.
3. Results
Of the 502 news reports available in the audio-visual archive of
Canal Sur Televisión
, 40 pieces (8%) include UGC. Table 1
shows the results from the rst part of the analysis, where we focus on categorizing the items according to the topic and the
nature of the events covered. We also have provided ndings related to the total time dedicated to UGC within the entire news
piece. Its strong presence indicates that participatory journalism truly exists, along with a change in new production routines.
Table 1. UGC identied in the entire audiovisual archive analysed, based on subject matter, and results of the duration in minutes and
partial categorisation of the broadcasting context
YEARCOVERAGE
SUBJECTDURATION
TYPE OF CONTENT
SCOPE
HOW THEY
OCCUR
SOURCESTOTALUGC
02/04/2014
ACOSO
GIBRALTAR BARCO
OCEANOGRÁFICO
COMPLAINTREGIONALUNFORESEENOFFICIAL1'1'
04/05/2014
INCENDIO ODESA
CASA PRO RUSOS
WAR-RELATED
CONFLICT
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENAGENCY1''1030''
19/07/2014
DERRIBO AVIÓN
MILITAR
ACCIDENTINTERNATIONALUNFORESEENAGENCY1'3010"
14/09/2014
MARRUECOS IMPIDE
FAENAR BARCOS
ANDALUZ
COMPLAINTREGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES30"30"
11/04/2015
RESCATE
ESPELEÓLOGOS
ESPAÑOLES
ACCIDENTNATIONALPREDICTEDOFFICIAL1'44''1'
07/11/2015
ATENTADO MÚLTIPLE
PARÍS
CONFLICT -
ATTACK
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESS3'2'
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09/05/2015
ACCIDENTE AVIÓN
AIRBUS SEVILLA
ACCIDENTREGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'40''40''
25/01/2016
TERREMOTO MELILLA
ANDALUCÍA
CATASTROPHENATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES50''30''
22/03/2016
ATENTADO YIHADISTA
BRUSELAS
CONFLICT -
ATTACK
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'50''
14/07/2016
MASACRE
TERRORISTA NIZA
CONFLICT -
ATTACK
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'30''2'50''
16/07/2016
FALLIDO GOLPE
ESTADO TURQUÍA
CONFLICTINTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES2'25''25''
16/07/2016
INCENDIO IBARRA
SEVILLA
ACCIDENTREGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES33''15''
18/08/2016
MENSAJE DE PABLO
RÁEZ
SOCIAL INTEREST
REGIONALPREDICTEDPROTAGONIST3'301'
24/08/2016
TERREMOTO ITALIA
CATASTROPHE -
EARTHQUAKE
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENOFFICIAL2'2120''
01/12/2016
TORNADO PALOS DE
LA FRONTERA
CATASTROPHE -
TORNADO
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES20''20''
04/12/2016
MUERTOS
INUNDACIONES
MÁLAGA
CATASTROPHE -
FLOODING
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'29''50''
19/02/2017
TORMENTA
DESTROZOS MÁLAGA
CATASTROPHE -
STORM
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES3'30''50''
25/02/2017
FALLECIMIENTO
PABLO RÁEZ
SOCIAL INTEREST
REGIONALPREDICTEDPROTAGONIST1'25''20''
14/04/2017
AVALANCHAS
SEMANA SANTA
SEVILLA
CATASTROPHE -
AVALANCHE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'15''40''
29/04/2017
RETENIDAS JÓVENES
ESTAMBUL
CONFLICT -
KIDNAPPING
REGIONALPREDICTEDPROTAGONIST1'57'20''
02/05/2017
INCENDIO VARIOS
COCHES
ACCIDENT - FIRE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES2'35''20''
19/06/2017
INCENDIO PORTUGAL
CATASTROPHE-
FIRE
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'25''30''
24/06/2017
MOGUER INCENDIO
FORESTAL
CATASTROPHE -
FIRE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES2'25''35''
17/08/2017
ATENTADO RAMBLAS
BARCELONA
CONFLICT -
ATTACK
NATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES4'20''25''
19/09/2017
TERREMOTO MÉXICO
CATASTROPHE -
EARTHQUAKE
INTERNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES4'28''2'10''
26/10/2017
GALICIA CALCINADA
CATASTROPHE -
FIRE
NATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES3'10''40''
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21/10/2018
INUNDACIONES
MÁLAGA
CATASTROPHE -
FLOODING
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES2'15''20''
15/02/2019
MISIONERO ANTONIO
CÉSAR FERNÁNDEZ
CONFLICT -
ATTACK
INTERNATIONALPREDICTEDPROTAGONIST1'19''1
22/01/2020
GRANIZADA ALMERÍA
CATASTROPHE -
ALMERÍA
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES7'33''40''
30/01/2020
PROTESTAS
OLIVAREROS JAÉN
CONFLICT -
DEMONSTRATION
REGIONALPREDICTEDWITNESSES2'46''30''
24/03/2020
CORONAVIRUS
RESIDENCIA
ANCIANOS
SOCIAL INTEREST
REGIONALPREDICTEDWITNESSES1'19''19''
17/08/2020
INCENDIO FORESTAL
ALMONASTER LA
REAL
CATASTROPHE -
FIRE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'43''1'10
16/01/2021
NIEVE FILOMENA
HIELA EL CAMPO
CATASTROPHE -
SNOW STORM
NATIONALUNFORESEEN
THE VICTIMS
1'26''35''
23/01/2021
TERREMOTO
GRANADA
CATASTROPHE -
EARTHQUAKE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES3'01''40''
11/05/2021
DISTURBIOS NARCOS
LA LÍNEA
CONFLICTREGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'11'11''
23/09/2021
INUNDACIONES LEPE
CATASTROPHE -
FIRE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'38''20''
10/11/2021
HUELGA METAL
CONFLICT - STRIKE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESSES1'52''20''
20/10/2022
BALANCE CAMPAÑA
INCENDIOS
CATASTROPHE -
FIRES
REGIONALGATHERED
INVOLVED
WITNESSES
1'18''
25/01/2023
ATENTADO YIHADISTA
CÁDIZ
CONFLICTNATIONALUNFORESEENWITNESS4'161'22
01/02/2023
INCENDIO PISO
CATASTROPHE -
FIRE
REGIONALUNFORESEENWITNESS2'33''20''
Source: prepared by the author (2024)
Within these news stories, UGC gains informational validity due to its contribution to the dierent phases of news creation.
In Table 2, we specically identify the measurable variables taken into account when analysing news producation in dierent
cases. Journalists rely on UGC as soon as they are called upon to cover an event. Citizen participation in the dierent phases is
determined by the contribution of the media’s own coverage, with UGC sharing space in 79% of the cases.
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Table 2. e contribution of UGC in news creation
News creation
phases
Journalistic
Activities
Contributions
to the news
Variables
Coverage Phase
Selecting UGC
based on the nature
of the news item
Immediacy
and ubiquity.
Proximity and
objectivity
Predicted and Unforeseen Events /
UGC registration
Previous/ Subsequent/Simultaneous/Immediate
Structuring Phase
Structuring of UGCExpressive value
Resources (visual/audiovisual)
Testimonial value (elicited testimony/unelicited
testimony)
Editing Phase
Presence of UGC in
the nal newspiece
A complement
to in-house
coverage
Presence of UGC compared to in-house coverage
(major/minor/equal)
Source: prepared by the author (2024)
3.1. Coverage phase: the nature of the news piece and its inuence on citizen participation
In creating a news story, the rst stage involves covering a newsworthy event. At this stage, some of the variables analysed
inuence the expressive content, as well as the structural phase of news creation (see Table 3). Citizen participation in the
news depends on the nature of the events. In the case of unforeseen events, as
Canal Sur’s
own coverage is not immediate,
journalists rely on UGC to ll the gap.
A total of 85% of the UGC successfully broadcast on television has been used for unforeseen events. is audio-visual resource
is considerably important due to the specic attributes that make it essential for this type of coverage. Images captured by
citizens help to improve or enhance the work of the television crew by providing footage recorded at the moment events take
place. e omnipresence and immediacy with which UGC contributes to journalistic eorts is a notable advantage. As seen
in Table 3, we have established variables in this category related to the moment at which citizens capture images in relation to
the unfolding of an event. Journalists are interested in citizen-generated footage taken at the exact moment when an event is
happening (55%), or immediately afterward (40%). e remaining 5% refer to UGC created outside the news context, which is
used as a complementary audio-visual resource, such as the prior testimony of a person who has since passed away.
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Table 3. Analysis variables. Coverage Phase
COVERAGE
NEWSWORTHY EVENT
STABILISATION
TYPE OF SHOT
AUDIO
PREVIOUSSIMULTANEOUS
AFTER THE
EVENT
UNSTABILISEDSTABILISEDWSMSCUECUAMBIANCE
VOICE OFF
MUTE
011101100110
010101100100
100100100001
010101100110
010011100001
011101100100
010101100100
010101100001
011101100100
001101110110
010101100100
010011100100
001011100010
001010100010
010101100110
011101100110
011101100100
001010100110
011101100110
001100100100
010101000100
010101100110
011101100110
011101100100
011101100100
010101100110
011101110110
100100010010
011101100100
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010101100110
010101100100
011100000110
001100110110
011101100010
011101100100
111101100110
010101100100
010101100001
001101100110
010101000100
Source: prepared by the author (2024)
We did not nd UGC in any of the news pieces in the days following news events. However, it bears mentioning that even
when journalists are present at the scene, they sometimes turn to recordings made by citizens from previous days, as they are
capable of adding distinctive, noteworthy, and expressive features to the narratives.
3.2. Structuring phase. How the expressive value and technical features of the recordings inuence citizen
participation
e expressive value of UGC and some of its technical characteristics are variables that journalists contemplate when deciding
whether to allow citizen participation in the structuring of their news reports. Citizen videos that consist of more than just
a visual account have more expressive power. A total of 87.5% of UGC includes both audio and video, while silent citizen
footage was found to be of less interest, representing just 12.5% of the total. e audio consists of sounds related to the event
and testimonies, some of which are consciously provoked, such as a citizen narrating the scene, while others are recorded
spontaneously, such as a victim’s screams, or the desperate wailing of an emergency situation.
A total of 32.5% of UGC in the news has testimonial value. However, its expressive contribution depends on its level of
spontaneity. e gure of 87% of the testimonies found in UGC were recorded in a way that was not provoked by citizens,
while deliberate media interest was found in 23% of the footage taken by users. Content that appears to be recorded without
media interest is more credible and closer to viewers, which adds to the objectivity of what is narrated by the public television
journalist. e validity and importance that journalists bestow on UGC are also reected in the placement of such content
within news reports.
e structure of a news item highlights the importance of the diverse content from which it is made. When it comes to
structuring information, UGC holds a strong position in 39% of news headlines, 42% of the core, and 19% of the conclusions.
UGC also has a noteworthy place in the news, mostly located in the headlines and core. One of the main dierences between
UGC and a broadcaster’s own coverage lies in the characteristics of the footage recorded by citizens. A total of 87% of user-
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recorded material was shot with a “handheld camera”, from which only 13% achieve stability. ese unstabilised shots are
reminiscent of pure cinema in which these kinds of expressive resources, much like ction, arouse emotion in viewers by
making them feel like part of risky, suspenseful, and sometimes terrifying situations. is is also inuenced by the way footage
is planned. UGC mainly uses wide angle and medium shots, which are present in 92% of the videos used by journalists in their
news stories. is type of shot enhances both the testimonial value and citizens’ presence at the scene.
3.3. Writing-editing phase. Citizen participation compared to the media’s own participation in the nal news
piece
When a journalist edits a news piece, both in-house and citizen-generated content share space within the story. is way,
the media outlet always tries to regain its leading role as the guarantor of truthful, objective information, as seen by the fact
that an outlet’s own material still dominates 71% of the news pieces that include UGC. However, at this point in the research,
an interesting fact has emerged. UGC occupies the majority of space in 21% of the news stories, which could not have been
produced without the participation of citizens. ese dynamics are common during the rst hours of a signicant, large-scale
news event. erefore, certain variables inuence dierent stages of the news creation process, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Analysis variables related to journalistic contributions in the Coverage, the Structuring, and the Editing Phase of news items
MESSAGELOCATION
VISUAL RESOURCE
NARRATIVE
RESOURCE
WITH
ENUNCIATION
WITHOUT
ENUNCIATION
HEADLINECORECONCLUSION
1101111
1001100
1001001
1101111
1001111
1001110
1001110
1001110
1101101
1110111
1001010
1101001
1110111
1110010
1001111
1101111
1001111
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1110010
1110110
1001010
1001010
1101110
1111110
1001100
1001110
1101100
1101100
1110010
1101110
1001110
1001110
1110111
1110111
1010110
1001010
1101110
1001010
Source: prepared by the author (2024)
e kind of shot taken can provide insight into citizen perspectives during coverage, and the technical features of the shots
also inuence the structure of each news item due to their expressive contribution. Moreover, depending on their value as an
audiovisual and/or testimonial resource, their presence will be of greater or lesser signicance in the nal editing phase of the
story.
4. Discussion
e dierent stages of news creation in which UGC is involved is essential for understanding how this type of content inuences
professional journalism. Specically, our research has shown how audience contributions are used by traditional television
outlets (Cantos-García and Cumba-Castro, 2018) in all phases of the news production process. After writing and editing, the
resulting ow of information can have varying degrees of linearity, narrative cohesion, and expressiveness, depending on the
nature of the news and the intention of the TV reporter.
When covering certain newsworthy events in the initial phase, journalists look to social media for information that will allow
them to react quickly to random, ongoing events, including information provided by individual citizens for the purpose of
informing the audience immediately. UGC oers a view that can be complement to traditional sources. e viewpoint of
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citizens on the scene oers added depth to news stories produced by journalists. e testimony of those who are involved,
or have been victims of a newsworthy event during its unfolding, are highly important. ese inadvertant testimonials can
inuence the narrative structuring phase of a news story, in some cases modifying the focus of the story and bringing it closer
to the audience. Based on the content analysis and participant observation carried out, we believe this trend oers a genuine
contribution that is uncommon in news items produced by using the media’s own materials, as well as those of news agencies
or ocial sources. e value of personal testimony recorded by citizens can lead to a deep emotional connection with the
audience. Moreover, the opportunity to have these citizen testimonies available in real time enables more dynamic and
relevant storytelling. In the editing phase, when a news item is assessed as a whole, the greater or lesser use of testimonies can
inuence the perceived credibility of the news item. If UGC is seen as authentic and relevant, it can strengthen the audience’s
trust in the TV broadcaster.
We are in the midst of a new paradigm of traditional television journalism where the audience plays an active role in the news
creation process carried out by legacy media. e
Canal Sur Televisión
study reects how traditional television channels have
evolved in response to the digital era. Furthermore, this TV station in particular has done so by including changes in content
distribution and audience participation, which are essential if broadcasters are to remain competitive in a rapidly changing
media landscape (Prado and Delgado, 2010).
is study clearly shows that the communication paradigm has shifted from a one-way model to a multi-directional framework.
e audience has moved away from a passive role toward becoming an engaged participant in the communicative exchange.
e role of users is evolving as they become
prosumers
, making them an important source of information in television
newsrooms.
UGC is emerging as a key visual resource, which journalists rely on to prepare their news stories (López de Solís and Martín
López, 2018). Moreover, this development is taking place in a context of decreasing viewership gures for traditional television
among younger audiences. is trend reects a change in consumption patterns among
millennials
(Guerrero, 2018), with
transformations that are forcing traditional operators to adapt to the preferences of this audience and encourage their
participation, as we have seen in the case of
Canal Sur Televisión
. In this research, we have also reected on how collaborative
tools in the regional TV work setting of Andalusia have become an essential part of the news production process in the post-
COVID-19 era, which has perpetuated the methodologies established during the connement a result of the pandemic
(Olivares-García et al. 2023). As pointecd out by García de Torres (2010), the combined forces of internet communication and
mobile devices has the potential to enhance citizen participation. Finally, the merging of dierent communication modes
that encompass both traditional media and contemporary digital platforms poses an important challenge for the media as
a journalistic structure, but also from a deeper internal facet related to the transformation taking place in the news creation
process.
5. Conclusions
e results of this research have conrmed our objective regarding the observation and assessment of UGC in the dierent
phases of the news creation process in television journalism, based on a case study of
Canal Sur Televisión
. e ndings
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answer the research questions related to why news journalists rely on UGC, by assessing its inuence on the structuring of
news stories, its possible contribution, and its volume of use in the nal edited information.
rough content analysis, which is reinforced by the author’s own experience in participant observation, we are clearly
witnessing a transformation of journalistic routines with regard to the media and journalists having lost the exclusive rights to
setting the agenda and producing information. Although the volume of news stories that include UGC is lower than expected, its
analysis has allowed the author to discover the features of these citizen contributions and their value for television journalists,
as they represent a key resource for certain types of coverage.
Likewise, the hypotheses of this study have been conrmed. In fact, as previously stated, this research is part of a larger project
that can be extrapolated to similar media outlets based on the experience of
Canal Sur Televisión
.
Regarding H1, we have found that journalists turn to UGC in order to cover unexpected and unforseen news events. Pressing
news justies the search for citizen resources for the purpose of oering news that would otherwise be unobtainable due to
various production constraints. In these cases, the value of immediacy is reinforced by UGC, which mostly records images
of newsworthy events either at the time of their occurrence or immediately afterward. Generally speaking, simultaneous
coverage of a breaking story is nearly impossible, which highlights the ubiquitous value of UGC. Although journalists and
technical teams are called on to work in specic areas to assess damage and look for possible witnesses, it is not always easy
to get to the site in a timely manner. Various geographical and production factors make it nearly impossible to be there. Faced
with this reality, reporters rely on UGC due to its inherent value of ubiquity and immediacy. It is impossible to compete with
the speed of social media in transmitting information. e traditional media simply cannot predict an unforseen event. Both
witnesses and victims assume the role of reporters in the eld when they pick up their smartphones, record what happens, and
broadcast it on the Internet.
With regard to H2, it has been conrmed that UGC has specic technical features that give it more expressive value. Its textual
construction and the characteristics of its language are capable of shaping the edited information and endowing it with a more
or less explicit meaning. e hand-held camera and diegetic sound are highly expressive instruments for journalists. Such
resources can inuence the structure of a report and make a strong impact when included in the headline and core of a news
story for the purpose of capturing the viewer’s attention. e testimony and statements of people directly linked to a news
event at the time it is happening take on a leading role in the information edited by public television reporter. UGC enriches
the news production process and adds credibility to information. Unprovoked testimony is the utterance most sought-after
by reporters, which is the perfect accessory for arousing emotion in the viewer and providing a news item with closeness,
objectivity, and veracity. Such testimonies play a key role in the value of information, in most cases occupying the headline
and core of the narrative structure of the piece.
As for H3, we have found stories that were produced from beginning to end using UGC, which occurs 21% of the time. In these
cases, journalists limit themselves to structuring such third-party content by establishing an order and giving it news credibility
with their own voice-overs. Nevertheless, journalists are not willing to give up their role in most cases, and although citizens
participate in making the news, the contributions made by journalists are much greater. When news space is ceded, it is partial,
not total. Despite the majority presence of UGC in some news items, the information professional must be responsible for
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verifying the content and making it relevant. Citizen journalism rounds out and complements the information published by
journalists, yet it does not replace traditional journalistic activity.
e information compiled in this study suggests that the results can be extrapolated to similar research contexts. Although
the ndings focus entirely on Andalusian public television, they clearly have implications for any media outlet that uses
UGC. Understanding the interaction between these dierent approaches and how they inuence each other is essential for
designing and implementing eective communication strategies. Controlling the reach and quality of each media is a dicult
task, and the relentless ow of information through social networks exacerbates the diculty of such control. Once again,
it is essential to call for a discerning and responsible viewpoint from the audience. e use of images taken by anonymous
citizens reinforces the need to cross-check information. In the eld of social science, what is needed is an innovative and
multidisciplinary framework that will enable the journalistic profession to be rethought at a historical crossroads in its history,
as it continually struggles to ght against a considerable number of discrediting judgments.
6. Acknowledgements
is article has been translated into English by Charles E. Arthur, to whom we are grateful for his meticulous work.
Funding sources: University of Granada.
7. Conict of interest
e author declares that there is no conict of interest contained in this article.
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