Europa frente a Hollywood: breve síntesis histórica de una batalla económica y cultural

Alejandro Pardo

doi:10.31921/doxacom.n12a2

Autores/as

Alejandro Pardo Universidad de Navarra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n12a2

Palabras clave:

Europa, Hollywood, industria del cine, aspectos ecoómicos, aspectos culturales, globalización, digitalización

Resumen

A lo largo de su primer siglo de existencia, las industrias cinematográficas de Europa y Hollywood han desarrollado una paradójica relación de alianza y competencia. Mientras en el caso estadounidense la evolución histórica ha sido de expansión y consolidación, el desarrollo de la industria europea del cine, puede calificarse más bien de defensa y supervivencia. Este artículo presenta una síntesis histórica de este desigual intercambio económico y cultural a través de cuatro grandes etapas, en un intento de ofrecer una visión panorámica comparativa que sirva para encuadrar futuras investigaciones.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Alejandro Pardo, Universidad de Navarra

Universidad de Navarra

Citas

Acland, C. (2003): Screen Traffic: Movies, Multiplexes and Global Culture. Duke: Duke University Press.

Bakker, G. (2008): Entertainment Industrialised: The Emergence of the International Film Industry, 1890-1940. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.

Balio, T. (1998): “A major presence in all of the world’s important markets: The globalization of Hollywood in the 1990s”, en Neale S. y Smith, M. (eds.): Contemporary Hollywood Cinema. Londres: Routledge, pp. 61-68.

Behlil, M. (2007): Home Away from Home: Global Directors of New Hollywood. Ámsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam. Buquet, G. (2005): El poder de Hollywood. Madrid: Datautor-SGAE.

Chalaby, J. K. (2006): “American Cultural Primacy in a New Media Order”, The International Communication Gazette, n. 68(1), pp. 33-51.

Dale, M. (1994): “Esperando al Ave Fénix: el reto de una industria cinematográfica europea”, en Informe Situación 1994/3 (Industria Cinematográfica). Bilbao: Servicio de Estudios BBV, pp. 7-51.

Dale, M. (1997): The Movie Game: The Film Business in Britain, Europe and America. Londres: Cassell.

De Grazia, V. (1989): “Mass Culture and Soverignity: The American Challenge to European Cinemas: 1920-1960)”, The Journal of Modern History, n. 61(1), pp. 53-87.

Degand, C. (1978): The Economic Situation of the Cinema in Europe [n. AS/Cult (30) 12]. Estrasburgo: Consejo de Europa.

EAO (2003): Yearbook: Economy of the Audiovisual Industry in Europe (Vol. 1). Estrasburgo: European Audiovisual Observatory / Observatorio Audiovisual Europeo.

Ellwood, D. W. (1994): “Introduction: Historical Methods and Approaches”, en Ellwood, D. W. y Kroes, R. (eds.): Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (pp. 2-20). Amsterdam: VU University Press.

Ellwood, David W. y Kroes, Rob (eds.) (1994): Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony. Amsterdam: VU University Press.

Elsaesser, T. (2005): European Cinema: Face to Face With Hollywood. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Forbes, J, & Street, S. (2000): European Cinema: An Introduction. Nueva York: Palgrave.

Freedman, D. (2006): “Media policy-making in the free trade era: the impact of the GATS negotiation on audiovisual industries”, en Harvey S. (ed.): Trading Culture: Global Traffic and Local Cultures in Film and Televisión. Eastleigh, R. Unido: John Libbey, pp. 21-32.

Gomery, D. (1991): Hollywood, el sistema de estudios. Madrid: Verdoux.

Gournay, B. (2004): Contra Hollywood: Estrategias europeas del mercado cinematográfico y mundial. Barcelona: Bellaterra.

Guback, T. (1969): The International Film Industry: Western Europe and. America since 1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Guback, T. (1974): Cultural Identity and Film in the European Community. Ponencia presentada en el congreso: “Film in Europe”. Londres: School of Communication, Polytechnic of Central London, 21-23 febrero.

Guback, T. (1976): “Prólogo para la edición española”, en Guback, T. La industria internacional del cine (ed. 1980). Madrid: Fundamentos, pp. 17-25.

Harvey, S. (ed.) (2006): Trading Culture: Global Traffic and Local Cultures in Film and Television. Eastleigh, R. Unido: John Libbey.

Henning, V. y Alpar, A. (2005): “Public Aid Mechanisms in Feature Film Production”. Media, Culture & Society, n. 25(2), pp. 229-50.

Higson, A. y Maltby, R. (1999a): “‘Film Europe’ and ‘Film America’: an Introduction”, en Higson A. y Maltby, R. (eds.): ‘Film Europe’ and ‘Film America’: Cinema Commerce and Cultural Exchange (1920-1930) Exeter: University of Exeter Press, pp. 234-46.

Higson, A. y Maltby, R. (1999b): ‘Film Europe’ and ‘Film America’: Cinema Commerce and Cultural Exchange (1920-1930). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.

Hoskins, C., McFadyen, S., & Finn, A. (1997): Global Television and Film: an Introduction to the Economics of the Business. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

Jäckel, A. (2003): European Film Industries. Londres: BFI Publishing.

Jarvie, I. (1992): Hollywood’s Overseas Campaign: The North Atlantic Movie Trade, 1920-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(1998): “Free trade as cultural threat: American film and TV exports in the post-war period”, en Nowell-Smith, G. y Ricci, S. (eds.): Hollywood and Europe: economics, culture, national identity 1945-95. Londres: BFI Publishing, pp. 47-60.

Kindem, G. (2000): “The US Role in the International Movie Industry and Responses to Hollywood”, en Kindem, G. (ed.): The International Movie Industry. Carbondale and Edwardsville (Illinois): Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 364-67

Mann, D. (2008): Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Meers, P., (2001): “Is There an Audience in the House? New Research Perspectives on (European) Film Audiences”, Journal of Popular Film & Television, vol. 29, n. 3, otoño, pp. 138-144.

Miller, T, Govil, N., McMurria, J., & Maxwell, R. (2001): Global Hollywood (1a ed.). Londres: BFI Publishing.

Miller, T, Govil, N., McMurria, J., Maxwell, R., & Wang, T. (2005): Global Hollywood 2 (2a ed.). Londres: BFI Publishing.

Miller, T. (2000): “Hollywood and the World”, en Hill, J. y Church Gibson, P. (eds.): American Cinema and Hollywood. Critical Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145-55.

Nowell-Smith, G. y Ricci, S. (eds.) (1998): Hollywood and Europe: economics, culture, national identity 1945-95 (6th ed.). Londres: BFI Publishing.

Nowell-Smith, G. (1998). “Introduction”, en Nowell-Smith, G. y Ricci, S. (eds.), Hollywood and Europe: economics, culture, national identity 1945-95. Londres: BFI Publishing, pp. 1-16.

Pardo, A. (ed.) (2002): The Audiovisual Management Handbook. An in-depth look at the Film, Television and Multimedia in- dustry in Europe. Madrid: Media Business School.

Pardo, A. (ed.) (2006): “Globalización y Americanización: nuevos frentes en la batalla económica y cultural entre Hollywood y Europa”, en Montero, J. y Cabeza, J. (eds.), Por el precio de una entrada. Madrid: Rialp, pp. 161-81.

Pardo, A. (ed.) (2007): The Europe-Hollywood Coopetition: Cooperation and Competition in the Global Film Industry. Pamplona: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Navarra.

Pardo, A. (ed.) (2009): “Hollywood at the Digital Crossroad: New Challenges, New Opportunities”, en Albarran, A.,

Faustino, P. y Santos, R. (eds.): The Media as a Driver of the Information Society: Economics, Management, Policies and Technologies, pp. 67-97. Lisboa: MediaXXI-Formalpress y Universidade Católica Editora.

Puttnam, D. y Watson, N. (1997): The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World’s Film Industry. Londres: Har- perCollins.

Sánchez Ruíz, E. S. (2003): “Hollywood y su hegemonía planetaria: una aproximación histórico-cultural”. Revista Universidad de Guadalajara, La colección de Babel, n. 28 (monográfico).

Schatz, T. (2008): “The Studio System and Conglomerate Hollywood”, en McDonald, P. y Wasko, J. (eds.), The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishing, pp. 13-42.

Scott, A. J. (2005): On Hollywod: The Place, The Industry. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Segrave, K. (1997): American Films Abroad: Hollywood’s Domination of the World’s Movie Screens. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.

Siefert, M. (2007): “Twentieth-Century Culture, ‘Americanization’, and European Audiovisual Space”, en Jarausch, K., Lindenberg, T. y Ramsbrock, A. (eds.): Conflicted Memories: Europeizing Contemporary Histories. Nueva York: Berghahn Books, pp. 164-93.

Stokes, M, & Maltby, R. (eds.) (2004): Hollywood Abroad: Audiences and Cultural Exchanges. Londres: BFI Publishing.

Thomsom, K. (1985): Exporting Entertainment: America in the World Film Market, 1907-1934. Londres: BFI Publishing.

Trumpbour, J. (2002): Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wasko, J. (2003): How Hollywood Works. Londres: SAGE.

Wasser, F. (1995): “Is Hollywood America? The Trans-Nationalization of the American Film Industry”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, n. 12, pp. 423-437.