Sympathy for fictional characters: an examination of the factors involved from a social psychology and cognitive film theory perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n25a5Keywords:
Identification, sympathy, cognitive film theory, fictional characters, narrative emotionsAbstract
Sympathy is the main affective bond that the viewer establishes with the fictional characters, being a necessary prerequisite for the elicitation of other emotions. Given its importance, the objective of this article is to detail the different factors involved in its constitution, in an attempt to delve into its understanding. To do it, we turn to different works framed in the field of social psychology and cognitive film theory, we describe some textual resources that audiovisual narratives use to exploit each particular factor, and we reflect on the effects that each of them has on sympathy and the other factors involved.
Downloads
Global Statistics ℹ️
|
1239
Views
|
2638
Downloads
|
|
3877
Total
|
|
References
Appiah, K. A. (2008): Experiments in Ethics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Aristóteles. (2006): Poética. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Aronson, E., Willerman, B., y Floyd, J. (1966): “The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness”, Psychonomic Science, 4(6), pp. 227-228.
Auter, P. (1992): “TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale”, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 36 (1), pp. 173-181.
Barnett, M. A., Tetreault, P. A., y Masbad, I. (1987): “Empathy with a rape victim: the role of similarity of experience”, Violence and Victims, 2 (4), pp. 255-262.
Bateson, D. et al. (2003): “... As you Would have Them Do Unto You”: Does Imagining Yourself in the Other’s Place Stimulate Moral Action?”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (9), pp. 1190-201.
Berreby, D. (2008): Us and Them: The Science of Identity. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Booth, W. (1961): The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Boven, L. V. et al. (2013): “Changing Places: A Dual Judgment Model of Empathy Gaps in Emotional Perspective Taking”, Advances in experimental social psychology, 47, pp. 117-171.
Branch, S., Wilson, K. M., y Agnew, C. R. (2013): “Committed to Oprah, Homer, or House: Using the investment model to understand parasocial relationships”, Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2 (2), pp. 96-109.
Carroll, N. (1996): Theorising the Moving Image. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carroll, N. (2008): The Philosophy of Motion Pictures. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Carroll, N. (2009): “Tony Soprano y nuestra simpatía por el diablo”, en Los Soprano Forever. Antimanual de una serie de culto. Madrid: Errata naturae ediciones, pp. 55-74.
Chartrand, T. L., y Van Baaren, R. (2009): “Human mimicry”, en Olson, J.M, y Zanna, M.P. (eds.): Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 219-274.
Christy, C. A., y Voigt, H. (1994): “Bystander Responses to Public Episodes of Child Abuse”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24 (9), pp. 824-847.
Cohen, J. (2006): “Audience Identification with Media Characters”, en Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P (eds.): The psychology of entertainment. Mahwah: Erlbaum, pp. 183-197.
Coplan, A. (2009): “Empathy and Character Engagement”, en Livingstone, P. y Platinga, C. (eds.): The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Film. London; New York: Routledge, pp. 97-110.
Eder, J. (2006): “Ways of Being Close to Characters”, Film Studies (8), pp. 68-80.
Efran, M. G. (1974): “The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task”, Journal of Research in Personality, 8, pp. 45-54.
Etcoff, N. (1999): Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty. New York: Anchor Books.
Eyal, K., y Cohen, J. (2006): “When Good ‘Friends’ Say Goodbye: A Parasocial Breakup Study”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50 (3), pp. 502–523.
Gabriel, U. (2015): “Emotions and legal judgements: normative issues and empirical findings”, en Oswald, M.E., Bieneck, S. y Hupfeld-Heinemann, J. (eds.): Social Psychology of Punishment of Crime. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 157-172.
Gaut, B. (2010): “Empathy and Identification in Cinema”, en French, P.A., Wettstein, H. K. y Saint, M. (eds.): Film and the Emotions. Boston; Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 136-157.
Glocker, M. et al. (2009): “Baby Schema in Infant Faces Induces Cuteness Perception and Motivation for Caretaking in Adults”, Ethology, 115 (3), pp. 257-263.
Glover, J. (2001): Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Goldman, A. I. (2006): Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/0195138929.001.0001.
Gould, S. J. (2010): El pulgar del panda. Madrid: Grupo Planeta.
Gould, S. J. (2012): The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. London: Allen Lane.
Haidt, J. (2001): “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment”, Psychological Review, 108 (4), pp. 814-834.
Haidt, J., y Kesebir, S. (2010). “Morality”, en Fiske, S.T., Gilbert, D.T., y Lindzey, G. (eds.): Handbook of Social Psychology. Hoboken: Wiley, pp. 797-832.
Huston, T. L. (2013): Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction. New York: Academic Press.
Jones, W. E. (2011): “Partiality and Transgressive Comedy: Making Sense of our Amusement at His Girl Friday”, en Jones, W.E. y Vice, S. (eds.): Ethics at the Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 91-116.
Kahneman, D. (2012): Pensar rápido, pensar despacio. Barcelona: Debate.
Keysers, C. (2011): The Empathic Brain. Social Brain Press.
Klimmt, C., Hartmann, T., y Schramm, H. (2011): “Parasocial Interactions and Relationships”, en Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P. (eds.): Psychology of Entertainment. London: Routledge, pp. 291-313.
Lathera, J., y Moyer-Gusea, E. (2011): “How do we react when our favorite characters are taken away? An examination of a temporary parasocial breakup”, Mass Communication and Society, 14 (2), pp. 196-215.
Loewenstein, G., y Small, D. A. (2007): “The Scarecrow and the Tinman: The Vicissitudes of Human Sympathy and Caring”. Review of General Psychology, 11 (2), pp. 112-116.
Neill, A. (1996): “Empathy (and) Film Fiction”, en Bordwell, D. y Carroll, N. (eds.): Post-Theory: Reconstructing Film Studies. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 175-194.
Nodelman, P. (1991): “The eye and the I: Identification and first-person narratives in picture books”, Children’s Literature, 19 (1), pp. 1-30.
Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Plantinga, C. (1999): “Scene of Empathy and the Human Face on Film”, en Plantinga, C. y Smith, G. M. (eds.): Passionate Views: Film, Cognition, and Emotion. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 239-256.
Plantinga, C. (2009). Moving Viewers. American Film and the Spectator’s Experience. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Plantinga, C. (2010). “‘I Followed the Rules, and They All Loved You More’: Moral Judgment and Attitudes toward Fictional Characters in Film”, en French, P. A. y Wettstein, H.K. (eds.): Film and the emotions. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 34-51.
Raney, A. A. (2004): “Expanding disposition theory: Reconsidering character liking, moral evaluations, and enjoyment”, Communication Theory, 14 (A), pp. 348-369.
Raney, A. A. (2011). “The Psychology of Dispositional-Based Theories of Media Entertainment”, en Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P. (eds.): Psychology of Entertainment. New York; London: Routledge, pp. 137-150.
Raney, A. A. (2011). “The Role of Morality in Emotional Reactions to and Enjoyment of Media Entertainment”, Journal of Media Psychology, 23 (1), pp. 18-23.
Schiller, B., Baumgartner, T., y Knoch, D. (2014): “Intergroup bias in third-party punishment stems from both ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination”, Evolution and Human Behavior, 35 (3), pp. 169–175.
Small, D. A., y Loewenstein, G. (2003): “Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiabilty”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26 (1), pp. 5-16.
Smith, M. (1995): Engaging Characters: Fiction, Emotion, and the Cinema. Oxford: Ciadenron Press.
Smith, M. (1999): “Gangsters, Cannibals, Aesthetes, or Apparently Perverse Allegiances”, en Plantinga, C. y Smith, G. M. (eds.): Passionate Views: Film, Cognition, and Emotion. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 217-238.
Smith, M. (2011). “Just What Is It That Makes Tony Soprano Such an Appealing, Attractive Murderer?”, en Jones, W.E. y Vice, S. (eds.): Ethics at the Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 66-90.
Vaage, M. B. (2010): “Fiction Film and the Varieties of Empathic Engagement”, Midwest Studies In Philosophy, 34, pp. 158–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4975.2010.00200.x
Vaage, M. B. (1013): “Fictional Reliefs and Reality Checks”, Screen, 54 (2), pp. 218-237.
Vaage, M. B. (2014): “Blinded by Familiarity: Partiality, Morality and Engagement in Television Series”, en Nannicelli, T. y Taberham, P. (eds.): Cognitive Media Theory. Oxford; New York: Routledge, pp. 268-284.
Wood, J. (2008): How Fiction Works. New York: Straus and Giroux.
Zajonc, R. (2001): “Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10 (6), pp. 224-228.
Zillmann, D., y Cantor, J. (1976): “A disposition theory of humor and mirth”, en Chapman, A. y Foot H. (eds.): Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and application. London: Wiley, pp. 93-115.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain their copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication of their work, which will be simultaneously subject to the Creative Commons License, Attribution-NonCommercial, International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). The scientific community is free to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon that material under the following terms: Proper credit must be given (journal, authors, URL/DOI), and it is not used for commercial purposes.



















