El retorno de Los Reyes Taumaturgos: un análisis del discurso presidencial en México y Brasil durante la emergencia del COVID-19 en el 2020

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n41a2355

Palabras clave:

Populismo, pandemia/COVID-19, América Latina, análisis crítico del discurso, noticias falsas

Resumen

Este trabajo analiza el discurso utilizado por los presidentes López Obra­dor en México y Jair Bolsonaro en Brasil durante la irrupción de la pan­demia del año 2020. Ambos casos guardan importantes similitudes: los dos líderes mantuvieron una actitud negacionista hacia la enfermedad, tratando de mantener su popularidad y contradiciendo los argumentos científicos sobre el impacto de la pandemia. Este artículo se basa en el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD), el trabajo de campo recopila infor­mación publicada en perfiles de redes sociales y noticias en línea. Los resultados mostrarán cómo la aprobación pública presidencial se centró en la construcción de un discurso alternativo, basado en noticias falsas, uso de redes sociales y polarización política que exalta la figura de un presidente mesiánico con poderes sobrenaturales.

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

  • David Ramírez Plascencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, México

    (Guadalajara, México 1980). Licenciado en derecho (2002) y maestro en ciencia política (2006) por la Universidad de Guadalajara, doctor en ciencias sociales por El Colegio de Jalisco (2013). Es investiga­dor, docente de materias relacionadas con las tecnologías digitales y su impacto en la sociedad. Ha publicado diversos artículos sobre la regulación de las tecnologías digitales, cobertura de medios, migración y redes sociales, así como el impacto de las políticas digitales en el desarrollo social. Actualmente es miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investi­gadores (SNI) Nivel 1 y trabaja como profesor investigador en el Sistema de Universidad Virtual de la Universidad de Guadalajara.

Referencias

Agren, D. (2020). Mexican President López Obrador draws doctors’ ire. The Lancet, 395, 1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31198-3

Badillo, D. (2020, March 21). AMLO y sus polémicas declaraciones sobre el coronavirus. El Economista. Available at https://tinyurl.com/3d4y3cyy

Biswas, K. (2020, February 4). How the Far Right Became Europe’s New Normal. The New York Times. https://tinyurl.com/e4dy6cev

Breeze, R. (2011). Critical discourse analysis and its critics. Pragmatics, 21(4), 493-525. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.4.01bre

Bloch, M. (1961). Les rois thaumaturges. Armand Colin.

Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B., & Llanos, M. (2020). Assessing the Political and Social Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America. GIGA Focus, 12.

Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic Populism: Facebook Pages of Alternative News Media and the Corona Crisis - A Computational Content Analysis. arXiv:2004.02566 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566

Brainard, J., & Hunter, P. R. (2020). Misinformation making a disease outbreak worse: Outcomes compared for influenza, monkeypox, and norovirus. Simulation, 96(4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037549719885021

Brown, H., Guskin, E., & Mitchell, A. (2012, November 28). The Role of Social Media in the Arab Uprisings. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. Available at https://tinyurl.com/3f5atrju

Brubaker, R. (2021). Paradoxes of populism during the pandemic. Thesis Eleven, 164(1), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513620970804

Campos-Herrera, G., & Reguero, S. U. de. (2019). Populism in Latin America: Past, Present, and Future. Latin American Politics and Society, 61(1), 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.63

Carlo, J. D., & Kamradt, J. (2018). Bolsonaro e a cultura do politicamente incorreto na política brasileira. Teoria e Cultura, 13(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.34019/2318-101X.2018.v13.12431

Chihu Amparan, A. (2020). Teoría de los marcos del discurso en los spots de López Obrador en 2018. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 66(241), Article 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2020.241.67901

De Almeida, T. (2020). Trust and Populism: The vote for Bolsonaro. [Political Science Theses, Georgia State University]. https://tinyurl.com/2xasm5f4

Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A., & Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa031

Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697

Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Pearson Education.

Farkas, J., & Schou, J. (2019). Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy: Mapping the Politics of Falsehood. Routledge.

Font, N., Graziano, P., & Tsakatika, M. (2021). Varieties of Inclusionary Populism? SYRIZA, Podemos and the Five Star Movement. Government and Opposition, 56(1), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.17

Goodman, J., & Carmichael, F. (2020, June 26). Coronavirus: 5G and microchip conspiracies around the world. BBC News. https://tinyurl.com/4zknsdsz

Grigera, J. (2017). Populism in Latin America: Old and new populisms in Argentina and Brazil. International Political Science Review, 38(4), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117701510

Guterson, H. (2017). From Brexit to Trump: Anthropology and the rise of nationalist populism. American Ethnologist, 44(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12469

Haynes, S., Gunia, A., Moon, K., Nugent, C., & Shah, S. (2021, November 5). How Activists Around the World Are Fighting for Justice. Time. Available at https://tinyurl.com/595rwmcy

Jaworsky, B. N., & Qiaoan, R. (2021). The Politics of Blaming: The Narrative Battle between China and the US over COVID-19. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 26, 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09690-8

Jones, R. H., Chik, A., & Hafner, C. A. (2015). Introduction Discourse analysis and digital practices. In R. H. Jones (Ed.), Discourse and digital practices: Doing discourse analysis in the digital age (pp. 1-18). Routledge.

Kellner, D. (2016). American Nightmare: Donald Trump, Media Spectacle, and Authoritarian Populism. Sense Publishers.

Lafuente, J., & Beauregard, L. P. (2020, julio 1). El 68% aprueba el mandato de López Obrador, pese a rechazar su gestión de la inseguridad y los feminicidios. EL PAÍS. Available at https://tinyurl.com/5c4y9zeh

Lasco, G., & Curato, N. (2019). Medical populism. Social Science & Medicine, 221, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006

Lin, C. A. (2020). A Year like No Other: A Call to Curb the Infodemic and Depoliticize a Pandemic Crisis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(5), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1871185

Litewka, S. G., & Heitman, E. (2020). Latin American healthcare systems in times of pandemic. Developing World Bioethics, 20(2),69-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12262

Londoño, E., & Darlington, S. (2018, October 28). Jair Bolsonaro Wins Brazil’s Presidency, in a Shift to the Far Right. The New York Times. Available at https://tinyurl.com/48x525d5

Lopez-Chau, A., Valle-Cruz, D., & Sandoval-Almazan, R. (2019, June 18). Analyzing Polarization through Social Media with Artificial Intelligence: The Mexican Presidential Election in 2018. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. https://doi.org/10.1145/3325112.3328214

Magazzù, G. (2022). An Ideological Analysis of the Former President Donald Trump’s Tweets During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Testo e Senso, (25), 21-35.

Miró-Llinares, F., & Aguerri, J. C. (2023). Misinformation about fake news: A systematic critical review of empirical studies on the phenomenon and its status as a ‘threat’. European Journal of Criminology, 20(1), 356-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370821994059

Moffitt, B. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford University Press.

Moreira Ramalho, T. (August 8, 2023). Podemos and Syriza, the End of an Era? Green European Journal. https://tinyurl.com/4wmtvm67

Mori, L. (August 19, 2020). Decir que los pobres de derecha son estúpidos es arrogante. A los que tienen hambre, la ideología les queda lejos. BBC News Mundo. https://tinyurl.com/37y4kj7u

Mudde, C. (2017). Populism an Ideational Approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (pp. 27-47). Oxford University Press.

Neto, U. T. (2020). Bolsonaro, Populism and the Fascist Threat: The Role of Human Rights Defenders in Protecting Brazilian Democracy. Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium, 5(1), 47-66.

Oré, D. (2020, October 14). Mexican president’s anti-corruption drive buffeted by scandals. Reuters. https://tinyurl.com/362f8zfd

Persson, E., Ferlie, E., & Baeza, J. (2022). ‘This is just a little flu’: Analysing medical populist discourses on the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Public Policy and Administration, 09520767221141121. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767221141121

Phillips, D. (2020, October 10). «He became a hero»: Bolsonaro sees popularity surge as Covid-19 spreads. The Guardian. https://tinyurl.com/aevd5uka

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the Trend: Social Media as Information Warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 11(4), 50-85.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429470509-7

Pulido, C. M., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G., & Gómez, A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology, 35(4), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920914755

Reuters. (2020, September 1). Mexican president gains popularity during pandemic: Poll. Reuters. https://tinyurl.com/mr2hpzf2

Ríos, A. M. (2021). COVID-19 in Latin America & Caribbean: Deaths by country (State of Health). Statista. https://tinyurl.com/48x72axm

Rodríguez-Pose, A., Terrero-Dávila, J., & Lee, N. (2023). Left-behind versus unequal places: Interpersonal inequality, economic decline and the rise of populism in the USA and Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 23(5), 951-977. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad005

Rogers, K., Hauser, C., Yuhas, A., & Haberman, M. (2020, April 24). Trump’s Suggestion That Disinfectants Could Be Used to Treat Coronavirus Prompts Aggressive Pushback. Available at The New York Times. https://tinyurl.com/3fzufutu

Salaverría, R., Buslón, N., López-Pan, F., León, B., López-Goñi, I., & Erviti, M.-C. (2020). Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: Tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19. Profesional de la información, 29(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15

Schaub, M., & Morisi, D. (2020). Voter mobilisation in the echo chamber: Broadband internet and the rise of populism in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 59(4), 752-773. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12373

Speed, E., & Mannion, R. (2020). Populism and health policy: Three international case studies of right-wing populist policy frames. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(8), 1967-1981. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13173

Stargardter, G. (2019, October 9). Special Report: A surge in killings by police roils Bolsonaro’s Brazil. Reuters. https://tinyurl.com/2h423pvy

Steenvoorden, E., & Harteveld, E. (2018). The appeal of nostalgia: The influence of societal pessimism on support for populist radical right parties. West European Politics, 41(1), 28-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1334138

Tavares, L. P., Júnior, F. L. de O., & Magalhães, M. (2020). Análise dos discursos do Presidente Jair Bolsonaro em meio à pandemia: O coronavírus é só uma “gripezinha”? Research, Society and Development, 9(7), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4469

The Economist. (2021, September 4). From Congo to the Capitol, conspiracy theories are surging. The Economist. https://tinyurl.com/e4usepc8

Ulfgard, R. V., & Villanueva, C. (2020). The power to transform? Mexico’s ‘Fourth Transformation’ under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Globalizations, 17(6), 1027-1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1718846

Van Dijk, T. (2014). Discourse and Knowledge: A Sociocognitive Approach. University of Cambridge.

Van Dijk, T. (2015). Critical Discourse Analysis. In D. Tannen, H. E. Hamilton, & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (466-485). Wiley-Blackwell.

Vieten, U. M. (2020). The “New Normal” and “Pandemic Populism”: The COVID-19 Crisis and Anti-Hygienic Mobilisation of the Far-Right. Social Sciences, 9(9), 1-14.

Weiss, G., & Wodak, R. (2003). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288423

Wharton Business Daily. (2020, August 17) How Social Media Is Shaping Political Campaigns. University of Pennsylvania. https://tinyurl.com/nsc9t5av

Wodak, R. (2015). The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. SAGE.

Publicado

16-01-2025

Número

Sección

Miscelánea de artículos y ensayos científicos

Cómo citar

Ramírez Plascencia, D. (2025). El retorno de Los Reyes Taumaturgos: un análisis del discurso presidencial en México y Brasil durante la emergencia del COVID-19 en el 2020. Doxa Comunicación. Revista Interdisciplinar De Estudios De Comunicación Y Ciencias Sociales, 41. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n41a2355