El uso de composiciones musicales como mecanismo de comunicación del discurso de odio en redes sociales: estudio de una nasheed yihadista

Francisco Trujillo-Fernández; Jorge Gallardo-Camacho; Ana Jorge Alonso

doi:10.31921/doxacom.n41a2250

Authors

Francisco Trujillo-Fernández University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-991X
Jorge Gallardo-Camacho Camilo José Cela University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3790-5105
Ana Jorge Alonso University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-6491

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n41a2250

Keywords:

YouTube, violence, symbolism, jihad, internet

Abstract

With the rise of social media during the period known as the Arab Spring, a type of sympathiser of the jihadist cause started to emerge, termed prosumer1, who consumes, but also produces extremist audio-visual content, thereby favouring the viralisation of hate speech on social media. A part of this propaganda is made up of jihadist musical compositions from the genre called nasheed, whose musical plasticity seeks to sugarcoat an ideology that defends and promotes violence, while at the same time trying to avoid the online content restrictions put in place by operators, by virtue of its symbolic dimension. The multimodal analysis performed on a piece circulated by the jihadist organisation Jabhat al-Nusrah shows that 65% of the verses are identified as violent and that 55% of them support martyrdom for the faith in the form of immolation, utilising symbolic elements that make it difficult for the algorithm to restrict content.

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Author Biographies

Francisco Trujillo-Fernández, University of Malaga

PhD in Education and Social Communication with "cum laude" honours from the University of Málaga, a Master’s in Analysis and Prevention of Terrorism from Rey Juan Carlos University, and has completed an internship at the CNN television network (Atlanta, GA, USA). His doctoral thesis addresses the role of so-called “sympathisers” as significant elements in the dissemination of jihadist propaganda, subsequently developing an academic research line that revolves around the intersection of symbolic communication and social networks, with emphasis on the use of various internet platforms for jihadist propaganda. The author is a career civil servant and has dedicated much of his professional career to analysing the jihadist phenomenon in Spain. Currently, he is part of the “Communication and Power” Research Group at the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the University of Málaga and collaborates as a researcher in the “Interaction 3.0” Project at Camilo José Cela University (Madrid).
Jorge Gallardo-Camacho, Camilo José Cela University

Associate Professor at the Universidad Camilo José Cela with two research merits (sexenios) recognized by the CNEAI and is the Director of the Degree in Audiovisual Communication and New Media at UCJC. He holds a PhD in Audiovisual Communication with the highest honours ("cum laude") from the University of Málaga, an MBA in TV Companies from the University of Salamanca, and the National First Prize in Audiovisual Communication
in Spain. He is also the Principal Investigator of the INFO 3.0 research group, focused on analysing television audiences, new technologies, and social networks at UCJC. He has over 50 high impact scientific publications and specialises in social networks, audiences, and television. Gallardo also has extensive professional experience as a communicator: he began his career at CNN covering the 9/11 attacks and later worked for Cadena SER, Radio Nacional de España, Prisa TV, Aragón TV, and Mediaset. He is currently the director of Espejo Público on Antena 3 (Atresmedia Group). In 2016 and 2017, he was included among the 100 most influential young people in Spain by the Choiseul Institute.
Ana Jorge Alonso, University of Malaga

PhD in Audiovisual Communication from the University of Malaga, she is a lecturer in the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising of the Faculty of Communication Sciences, of which she has been director. She has coordinated the Doctorate Program in Communication and Power for 9 years, where she designed and taught the first official subject on gender at the University of Malaga. She works on a general line of research that deals with the relations between power and communication from a critical perspective, and which focuses on Women’s Studies with several publications specifically dedicated to gender violence. Concern about awareness of the material conditions for the exercise of the right to equality in communicative processes has broadened her research interest towards the political economy of communication with a gender perspective, focusing especially on the Latin American context. An important line in her publications is the gender-biased link between the production and reproduction of thediscourse that marks the relations between political economy and hegemony.

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